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Limbs > Musculoskeletal System Of The Foot > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Of The Foot Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the arches of the foot and name their key bones

A

Transverse arch
-Intermediate cuneiform

Medial longitudinal arch
-Talus

Lateral longitudinal arch
-Cuboid

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2
Q

What is the function of the arches

A

Act as a spring
Weight bearing
Shock absorbers
Allows for walking and running

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3
Q

What are 2 pathologies associated with arches

A

Pes planus
-arch has collapsed

Pes cavus
-overfibrosis of plantar arch

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4
Q

How are the arches supported

A

Plantar aponeurosis of plantar fascia branch out and attach to each toe
Kept together by superficial transverse ligaments

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5
Q

What is plantar fasciitis and what can happen as a result

A

Overstretched fascias => pain if inflammation also present

Pain in thickest part of fascia
Worse when standing
Shallow arch

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6
Q

Name the ligaments present on the foot that support the arches

A

Plantar

  • Spring ligament
  • Long plantar
  • Short plantar

Lateral

  • Bifurcate
  • Dorsal
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7
Q

Name the tendons that support the arches

A

Lateral side

  • Fibularis longus
  • Fibularis brevis

Plantar side

  • Tibialis posterior
  • Flexor digitorum longus
  • Flexor hallucis longus
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8
Q

Where are the intrinsic muscles of the dorsum

Name the 2 instrinsic muscles found on the dorsum

A

Found under the extensor leg muscles (extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus)

Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis

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9
Q

What are the attachments and actions of the intrinsic dorsal muscles

  • Extensor digitorum brevis
  • Extensor hallucis brevis
A

Extensor digitorum brevis

  • Calcaneus => 4 lateral toes via long extensor tendons
  • Extends 4 lateral toes

Extensor hallucis brevis

  • Calcaneus => proximal phalanx of big toe
  • Extends big toe
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10
Q

What are the nervous innervations and blood supply of the dorsal side of the foot

A

Deep fibular nerve

Dorsalis pedis artery

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11
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic plantar muscles

A

Support arches

Adds small movements to toes (flexors of the toes)

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12
Q

Name the 3 muscles found the the most superficicial layer of the intrinsic plantar muscles

A

Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi

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13
Q

Describe the

  • Attachments
  • Actions
  • Nervous innervations of the 1st layer of plantar intrinsic muscles
  • Abductor hallucis
  • Flexor digitorum brevis
  • Abductor digiti minimi
A

Abductor hallucis

  • Medial tubercle of calcaneus => proximal big toe phalanx
  • Abducts, flexes big toe
  • Medial plantar nerve (L4-S2)

Flexor digitorum brevis

  • Medial calcaneal tubercle => middle phalanx of lateral 4 toes
  • Flexes 4 lateral toes
  • Medial plantar nerve (L4-S2)

Abductor digiti minimi

  • Med and lateral calcaneal tubercle => lateral proximal base of little toe
  • Abducts, flexes small toe
  • Lateral plantar nerve
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14
Q

Name the 2 muscles found in the 2nd layer of intrinsic plantar muscles (under tendons of flexor digitorum longus)

A

Quadratus plantar

Lumbrical

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15
Q 
What is the
-attachment
-actions
-nervous innervations
Of the muscles in the 2nd layer of plantar intrinsics
  • Quadratus plantar
  • lumbricals
A

Quadratus plantae

  • medial and lateral calacaneal surface => flexor digitorum longus tendon
  • flex lateral 4 toes
  • lateral plantar nerve

Lumbrical

  • flexor digitorum longus tendons => lateral 4 toe i
  • flex metatarsophalangeal joints, extends interphalangeal joints
  • medial lumbrical => medial plantar
  • 3 lateral lumbrical => lateral plantar
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16
Q

What are the 4 muscles found in the 3rd layer of intrinsic plantar muscles

A

Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis (OH)
Adductor hallucis (TH)
Flexor digiti minimi brevis

17
Q

What are the

  • attachments
  • actions
  • nervous innervations of the 3rd layer of intrinsic plantar muscles
  • flexor hallucis brevis
  • adductor hallucis (OH)
  • adductor hallucis (TH)
  • Flexor digiti minimi brevis
A

Flexor hallucis brevis

  • cuboid, cuneiform and post tibial tendon => base of phalanx great toe
  • Flex big toe at metatarsophalangeal joint
  • Medial plantar nerve
Adductor hallucis (OH)
-2-4th metatarsal base => lateral base of big toe phalanx

Adductor hallucis (TH)

  • plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints => lateral base of big toe phalanx
  • Adducts big toe
  • Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

  • Base of M5 => base of phalanx of toe 5
  • Flex proximal phalanx of toe 5
  • Superficial branch of lateral plantar
18
Q

Name the 2 muscles found in the 4th layer of plantar intrinsic muscles

A

Dorsal interossei

Plantar interossei

19
Q

What are the

  • attachments
  • actions
  • nervous innervations of the 4th layer of intrinsic plantar muscles
  • dorsal interossei
  • plantar interossei
A

Dorsal interossei

  • sides of metatarsals 1-5 => medial side of phalanx 2 and lateral sides of phalanx 2-4
  • abducts toe 2-4, flex metatarsophalangeal joints
  • lateral plantar

Plantar interossei

  • medial side of metatarsals 3-5 => medial side of phalanges 3-5
  • adducts toes 3-5, flex metatarsophalangeal joints
  • lateral plantar
20
Q

What are the causes of forefoot pathologies

Describe 4 forefoot pathologies

A

Fibrosis of long tendons
Muscle spasms
Bone fractures
SHOES

Claw toe
Mallet toe
Hammer toe
Curly toe
Hallucis vagus
21
Q

Describe the nervous pathways of the nerves in the plantar side

A

Medial and lateral plantar from post tibial nerve

Lateral plantar supplies 1 1/2 lateral toes
Medial plantar supplies 3 1/2 medial toes

Each toe gets 2 digital branches

22
Q

Describe the nervous pathway of the nerves in the dorsal side of the foot

A

Dorsal nerves from superficial and deep fibular nerves

Superficial fibular supplies 4 toes, doesn’t supply webbing between toe 1 and 2

Deep fibular supplies 1 toe, only the webbing between toe 1 and 2

23
Q

Describe the cutaneous nerve supply of the dorsal side of the foot
Describe the cutaneous nerve supply of the plantar side of the foot

A

Dorsal

  • Saphenous L4 (medial side of hind foot)
  • Superficial fibular L4-S2 (3 1/2 toes except half of T5 and webbing between T1 and 2)
  • Deep fibular L4-S2 (webbing between T1-2)
  • Sural nerve S1 (tibial branch, lateral half of T5)

Plantar

  • Tibial L4-S3 (medial heel)
  • Sural S1 (lateral heel)
  • Saphenous L4 (medial heel)
  • Lateral plantar L4-S3 (1 1/2 lateral toes)
  • Medial plantar L4-S3 (3 1/2 medial toes)
24
Q

Describe the arterial blood supply to the dorsum of the foot

Describe the arterial blood supply to the plantar of the foot

A

Ant tibial
Dorsal pedis artery
Lateral tarsal artery branches off
Dorsal arch gives off dorsal metatarsal arteries => digital arteries

Post tibial
Medial and lateral plantar => plantar arch
Lateral plantar supplies 3 1/2 lateral toes
Medial plantar supplies 1 1/2 medial toes

25
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the foot

A

Sole
Dorsal venous arch
Medial malleolus or lateral malleolus

Posterior to medial malleolus => greater Saphenous => femoral

Posterior lateral malleolus => lesser Saphenous => popliteal

Limbs (15 decks)

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