Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine 1.1 > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are joints?

A

Places where 2 or more bones make contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can joints be structurally classified?

A
  • Fibrous; bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue (Eg. sutures)
  • Cartilaginous; bones joined by cartilage (eg. IVD’s)
  • Synovial; bones not directly joined, allows movement, limited by shape of synovial joint (eg. shoulder)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can joints be functionally classified?

A
  • Synarthrosis; no movement eg. sutures, synchondrosis, synostosis
  • Amphiarthrosis; little movement eg. distal tibiofibular, pubic symphysis
  • Diarthrosis; free movement eg. synovial joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some of the features that synovial joints have?

A
  • Synovial membrane
  • Ligaments (connect bone to bone)
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Joint capsule

Other possible featues;

  • bursa
  • Meniscus
  • Labrum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What shapes can synovial joints be?

A
  • Pivot, hinge, plane = uniaxial (eg. elbow, AC, atlantoaxial)
  • Candyloid, saddle = biaxial (eg. MCP, carpometacarpal)
  • Ball and socket = multiaxial (eg. hip)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are types of muscle tissue?

A
  • Skeletal = voluntary, eg.MSK
  • Cardiac = involuntary, eg.heart
  • Smooth = involuntary, eg. viscera, blood vessels, iris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A
  • Locomotion
  • Stability
  • Respiration
  • Childbirth
  • Circulation
  • Vision
  • Posture
  • Digestion
  • Temperature
  • Protection
  • Urination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are features of skeletal muscles?

A
  • Consists of bundles of muscle fibres
  • Muscle fibres are grouped into muscle fascicles - grouped, forming one or more heads or bellies.
  • Strength depends on no. of fibres
  • Range of movements depends on fibre length, muscles contract by about 30% of their length.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are tendons?

A

Tendons usually connect muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are aponeurosis?

A

Connects bone to muscle (flat and short)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can skeletal muscle be classified?

A
  • Flat muscle; paralell fibres often with an aponeurosis
  • Pennate muscles; feather like, can be unipennate, bipennate and multipennate
  • Fusiform muscles; spindle shaped with a round, thick belly and tapered ends
  • Convergent muscles; arise from a broad area and converge to form a single tendon
  • Quadrate muscle; have 4 equal sides
  • Circular or sphincteral muscles; surround a body opening or oriphice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Can muscles have more than 1 head or belly and act on more than 1 joint?

A

YES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do extrinsic back muscles act on and how are they innervated?

A
  • Act on structures outside of the back (appendicular skeleton)
  • Innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do intrinsic back muscles act on and how are they innervated?

A
  • Act on structures within the back

- Innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are attatchments of the trapezius?

A

Origins= superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, C7-T12 spinous processes
Insertions= Descending; lateral third of clavicle
Horizontal; acromion of scapulae
Ascending; spine of scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is the trapezius innervated?

A

By Cranial Nerve XI (accessory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the actions of the trapezius?

A

On shoulder girdle= descending; keeps girdle up, tilis scapulae for arm elevation
horizontal and ascending; depress and pull scapula medially

On head and neck= descending; with fixed shoulder, contralateral rotation or extension

On vertebral column= flattens the thoracic kyphosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the attachments of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Origins- spinal process T7-T12, dorsal surface of sacrum, 10th-12th rib, thoraco lumbar aponeurosis, dorsal third of iliac crest, inferior angle of scapula

Insertion- bicipital groove of humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are actions of latissimus dorsi?

A

On arm; adduction, internal rotation, extension
On trunk; elevation
On shoulder girdle; depression, pulls scapula medially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is latissimus dorsi innervated?

A

Thoraco dorsal nerve from brachial plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the attachments of the rhomboids?

A

Origins; Major- spinous processes of T1-T4
Minor- spinous processes of C6-C7

Insertions; medial margin of scapula
Minor- root of scapular spine
Major- below scapular spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are actions of rhomboids?

A

On shoulder girdle; retract scapula, rotate glenoid inferiorly, fix scapula to trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are rhomboids innervated?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve from brachial plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are attatchments of levator scapulae?

A

Origin- vertebrae C1-C4 tranverse processes

Insertion- superior angle of scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are action of levator scapulae?

A

On shoulder girdle; elevates scapula and rotates glenoid inferiorly
On vertebral column; with fixed shoulder girdle it extends the neck

26
Q

How is levator scapulae innervated?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve form brachial plexus

27
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A
  • Support
  • Movement
  • Protection
28
Q

What are the 2 major components of a typical vertebra and their functions?

A
  • Vertical Body:-for weight transfer
    - IVD’s between
  • Vertebral Arch:- forms vertebral foramen
    - surrounds and protects spinal chord
29
Q

What components make up the typical vertebra?

A
  • Pedicle; foot of arch
  • Transverse Process; muscle/ligament attachment
  • Lamina; lateral and posterior part of arch
  • Spinous Processes; muscle/ligament attatchment
  • Superior/inferior articular processes; form joints
  • Superior/inferior vertebral notches; form intervertebral foramen
30
Q

Where does the spinal chord end?

A

Around L1-L2

31
Q

Where would you go in to take spinal fluid?

A

Around L3-L5 to take spinal fluid

32
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves and why?

A

8 as C1 nerve exists above C1 vertebra

33
Q

What parts of the vertebral column are most and least mobile?

A
  • Cervical; most mobile
  • Thoracic; least mobile for flexion/extension/lateral bending.
  • Lumbar; least rotation
34
Q

What joints can we expect to see in a typical vertebra?

A

-Zygapophyseal joints; synovial, plane
-Symphysis joints; secondary cartaliginous (IVD’s)
A typical vertebra forms 6 joints; 4xzygapophyseal, 2xIVD

35
Q

Where is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

At C1-Base of skull

Often termed the ‘‘nodding/yes’’ joint

36
Q

What is the atlas?

A

Name for C1 vertebra

37
Q

What is the axis?

A

Name for C2 vertebra

38
Q

What is the atlanto-axial joint?

A

C1-C2 synovial pivot

Can be termed ‘‘no’’ joint

39
Q

What are IVD’s and their function?

A

-Are fibrocartaliginous joints of vertebral bodies.

  • Provide stability and flexibility
  • Pressure regulation
  • Water, cushion function (shock absorber)
40
Q

What are the two parts of the IVD and their functions?

A
  • Annulus Fibrosis; high tensile strength, fibrous sheath on outer surface-collage layers in rings.
  • Nucleus Pulposus; high resillience, gelatinous structure
41
Q

What are the functions of the ligaments of the spine?

A
  • Connect bone-bone
  • Provides support to joints
  • Restrict movement at joints
42
Q

Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament and what is its function?

A
  • Base of skull to anterior surface of sacrum
  • Attatched to anterior surface vertebral bodies and IVD’s
  • Prevents hyperextension
43
Q

Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament and what is its function?

A
  • Attatched C2 to sacrum
  • Attatched to posterior surface vertebral bodies and IVD’s
  • Lines anterior surface of the vertebral canal
  • Weakly resists hyperflexion
44
Q

Where is the supraspinous ligament and what is its function?

A
  • C7-sacrum
  • Connects tips of spinous processes
  • Cord like
45
Q

Where is the nuchal ligament and what is its function?

A
  • Base of skull to C7
  • Supports head on neck
  • Strong fibroelastic tissue
  • Provides attatchment for muscle eg.trapezius
46
Q

Where is the ligamenta flava ligament and what is its function?

A
  • Pass between lamine
  • Form part of vertebral canal
  • Resist separation of verts during felxion
47
Q

Where is the interspinous ligament and what is its function?

A

-Between spinous processes

48
Q

Where is the intertransverse ligament and what is its function?

A

-Between transverse processes

49
Q

What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A
  • All act directly on spine
  • All supplied by posterior rami of spinal nerves
  • Maintain posture and control movement of vertebrae
50
Q

What is the thoracolumbar fascia and its role?

A
  • Covers deep muscles of the back
  • Critical to organisation and integrity of the region
  • Lat.dorsi and trapezius attatched to it.
51
Q

What are the superficial intrinsic back muscles?

A

-Splenius Capitis
-Splenius Cervicis
They are thick and flat

52
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the splenius muscles?

A

Origin= spinous processes (+bottom of nuchal ligament)
Insertions= Base of skull
Cervicis- transverse processes C1-C3
Capitis- mastoid process

53
Q

What movements do the splenius muscles do?

A
  • Bilateral= extend neck

- Unilateral= rotate head to one side (turn face to same side as muscle)

54
Q

What are the intermediate (erector spinae) back muscles?

A

-Spinalis
-Longissimus
-Iliocostalis
These act as the primary extensors of the vertebral column

55
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the intermediate back muscles?

A

Common origin= broad tendon attatched to sacrum, spinous processes of L and lower T verts, iliac crest.

Insertions:

  • Spinalis= (thoracic, cervicis, capitis) - inserts T spinous processes and skull
  • Longissimus= (thoracic, cervicis, capitis) - inserts T and C transverse processes and mastoid processes
  • Iliocostalis= (lumborum, thoracic, cervicis) - inserts angles of ribs and C transverse processes
56
Q

What are the deep muscles of the back?

A
  • Transverseospinalis; semispinales, rotatores, multifidus
  • Levatores costarum
  • Interpsinales and intertransversarri
57
Q

Where are the transverseospinalis and its function?

A
  • Fill groove between transverse and spinous processes
  • Extend and rotate
  • Cross multiple vertebra
58
Q

What happens to the VC when you have a slipped disc?

A
  • Caused by tear in annulus fibrosis, meaning nucleus pulposus can protrude
  • Can impinge on spinal cord or nerves
59
Q

What are the symptoms and treatment of a slipped disc?

A 
Symptoms= numbness, tingling, pain in lower limb (sciaticca symptoms)
Treatment= rest, painkillers, sometimes surgery
60
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Outward curvature of spine/back (C-shaped)

Primary curvature

61
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Inward curvature of spine/back

Secondary curvature

Medicine 1.1 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions