Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What are the bones of the axial skeleton?

Answer 1

skull bones
neck bones
bones of the trunk - chest abdomen and back

Question 2

What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 2

pectoral girdle bones
upper limbs bones
pelvic girdle bones
lower limb bones

Question 3

What causes bony features?

Answer 3

They develop during bone growth to be the best shape for the job
either because
an adjacent structure such as a blood vessel, tendon or nerve applies force to the developing bone
or
adjacent structure developing simultaneously causing the bone to grow around it - a formen (hole develops)

Question 4

What is a tuberosity?

Answer 4

A roughened area (bump) on the bone where muscles normally attach

Question 5

What are the 2 tissues which make up the skeleton?

Answer 5

cartilage and bone

Question 6

What are the functions of bone?

Answer 6

hard connective tissue 
support & protection of the body organs 
calcium metabolism
red blood cell formation
attachment for skeletal muscles

Question 7

What are the properties of cartilage?

Answer 7

it is less rigid than bone and is located where mobility is required such as at articulations (joints)

Question 8

What are the 3 different types of joint?

Answer 8

Synovial (most movable)
Cartilaginous
Fibrous (least movable most stable)

Question 9

What is the arterial supply to the joints?

Answer 9

the arteries supplying joints arise from large named arteries located near the joint - ‘articular branches’
periarticular (meaning “around the joint”) arterial anastomoses are common
the arteries supplying joints can be damaged by dislocations, dangerously compromising the blood flow distal to the joint

Question 10

What are the sensations detected by the excellent sensory nerve supply to the joints?

Answer 10

pain
touch
temperature
proprioception (joint position sense)

Question 11

What covers the skeletal muscle normally?

Answer 11

normally deep to the fascia

tough fibrous connective tissue covering for the muscles

Question 12

What are the different types of muscles?

Answer 12

circular 
pennate
fusiform 
quadrate 
flat with aponeurosis

Question 13

How are skeletal muscles normally attached?

Answer 13

2 points of attachment to bone
- origins on 1 side of a joint and insertions on the other side
tendons (non-contractile) attach the muscle to bone

Question 14

What happens during muscle contraction (gross anatomically)?

Answer 14

muscle shortens

Question 15

What is an aponeurosis?

Answer 15

a flattened tendon - associated with flat muscles which attach the muscle to soft tissue

Question 16

What is the main reflex which involves skeletal muscle?

Answer 16

• when you touch something potentially damaging the sudden flexion and withdrawal from the danger

Question 17

What is a stretch reflex?

Answer 17

a jerk response

sudden stretch of the muscle’s tendon causing a contraction of the muscle to protect against over stretching

Question 18

What is muscle paralysis?

Answer 18

a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply is “paralysed”
a paralysed muscle cannot contract
on examination the muscle would have reduced tone

Question 19

What is muscle spasticity?

Answer 19

the muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve
the descending controls from the brain are not working
on examination the muscle would have increased tone

Question 20

What is muscle atrophy?

Answer 20

muscle wasting the monocytes are becoming smaller reducing the muscles bulk

Question 21

What is muscle hypertrophy?

Answer 21

opposite to atrophy

skeletal muscles enlarge the individua monocytes enlarge