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Kaplan Biology > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List the three types of muscle within the body.

A
  1. Smooth
  2. Skeletal
  3. Cardiac
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2
Q

Types of muscle responsible for voluntary movement (innervated by SNS), support, thermoregulation, and blood propulsion within the venous system.

A

Skeletal Muscle

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3
Q

List the major characteristics of skeletal muscle as well as the two major types of fibers within this muscle type.

A
  1. Striated (due to actin/myosin arrangements in sarcomeres)
  2. Multi-nucleated
  3. Two types of Fibers
    1. Slow Twitch fiibers
    2. High Twitch Fibers
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4
Q

Skeletal Muscle fibers that appear dark red, have a high myoglobin concentration, and contract slowly. (also have tons of mitochondria that carry out oxidative phosphorylation)

A

Slow Twitching (Red Fibers)

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5
Q

Type of skeletal muscle that have much less myoglobin, rapidly contract, and fatigue quickly.

A

Fast Twitching (White) Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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6
Q

List the important features of smooth muscle.

A
  1. Responsible for Involuntary Muscle Actions
  2. Controlled by autonomic system
  3. Single nucleated
  4. Has actin and myosin, but not as well organized as skeletal muscle
  5. Capable of more sustained contractions (tonus)
  6. Exhibits myogenic activity
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7
Q

Myogenic Activity

A

Ability to contract without nervous system acitivity. Muscle cells are able to contract or stretch in response to stimuli (smooth muscle)

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8
Q

List major characteristics of skeletal muscle.

A
  1. Uninucleated (but may containt two nuclei)
  2. Innervated by autonomic nervous sysyem
  3. Appear striated
  4. myogenic activity
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9
Q

How does cardiac cells communication during depolarization?

A

Intercalated discs and gap junctions (allow for rapid and coordinated muscle cell deporalization during heart contractons)

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10
Q

How do the nervous and endocrine play a role in the contraction of cardiac muscle?

A
  1. Vagus nerve: slows HR (via parasympathetic system)
  2. Nor-epinephrine from sympathetic nerves
    1. Increase HR (greater contractility)
  3. Epinephrine from adrenal medulla
    1. Increase HR (greater contractility)
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11
Q

Basic Contractile unit of Skeletal Muscle

A

Sacromere

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12
Q

Name the major structures of sacromere.

A
  1. Actin (Thin Filaments)
  2. Myosin (Thick Filaments)
  3. Tropomyosin
  4. Troponin
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13
Q

Name the lines that divide the sarcomere into different zones/bands.

A
  1. Z-lines: Define boundary b/t each sarcomere
  2. I-Bands: Only actin filaments
  3. H-Band: Only thick Filaments
  4. A-Band: Thick filaments w/ overlapping thin filaments
  5. M-Line: Runs down the center of a sarcomere
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14
Q

Which band remains a constanr size during contraction of a muscle?

A

A-Band (all other bands/lines decrease in size)

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15
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

sacromeres attached end to end (contain actin and myosin filaments)

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16
Q

What are myocytes?

A

Muscle cells (muscle fibers)

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17
Q

Modified endoplasmic reticulum. Stores Ca++ ions necassary for muscle contractions.

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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18
Q

Cell membrane of a myocyte

A

sarcolemma

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19
Q

Neurotransmitter that travels through the neuromuscal junction and binds to ligand gated receptors on sarcolemma, ultimately initiating an action potential.

A

Acetylcholine

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20
Q

Modified cytoplasm located just outside of sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

Sarcoplasm

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21
Q

Nerve terminal + myocytes it signals

A

Motor Unit

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22
Q

Explain steps of muscle contraction (starting from depolarization after threshold has been reached).

A
  1. AP spread down sarcolemma to Transverse Tubules to sarcoplasmic reticulum
  2. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum releases Ca++
  3. Ca++ binds to Troponin, changing confirmation ofn Tropomyosin, exposing the “myosin binding site” on actin
  4. Myosin head moves toward and binds with actin
  5. Myosin head expels phosphate and ADP and bends into a low energy position
  6. Myosin “pulls” actin during power stroke, shortening sarcomere, resulting in a muscle contraction
  7. ATP reattaches to myosin head (after contraction is complete), releasing myosin from actin active site
  8. Myosin is now in high energy position, and ready to repeat cycle of binding to actin.
  9. Acetylcholine is degraded by ACh-esterase in neuromuscular junction
  10. AP terminates
  11. Sarcoplasmic reticulum take up Ca++ that was released
  12. Ca++ is no longer bound to Tropomyosin, and the active site of actin is now covered
  13. Myosin stops binding to actin and goes back to high energy “cocked” position, bound to ATP.
23
Q

Reponse of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above threshold. Consists of a latent, contraction, and relaxtion period.

A

Simple Twitch

24
Q

What s frequency summation and what can it lead to?

A
  1. Frequent and prolongue stimulation, resulting in insufficient time to relax
  2. Tetatus: prolongued contraction resulting in the inability for muscle to relax.
25
Q

Muscle cell have energy reserves to reduce oxygen debt and forestall fatigue. What are two ways muscles cells can do this?

A
  1. Creatinine Phosphate: Transfer phosphate group to ADP, produces ATP
  2. Myoglobin: Heme containing protein that is a muscular oxygen reserve. (only has one heme subunit)
26
Q

Exoskeleton vs Endoskeleton

A

External Skeletons va. Internal Skeletons

27
Q

Axial Skeleton vs. Appendicular Skeleton

A

midline strucutes (head and trunk) vs limbs (pelvis and all limbs)

28
Q

Name two major components of our skeleton.

A

Bone and cartilage

29
Q

Dense bone vs Cancellous Bone

A

Compact Bone vs. Spongy Bone

30
Q

What are the two types of marrow within the marrow cavity of bone marrow?

A
  1. Red Marrow: filled with hematopoietic stems cells (respnsible for generating red blood cells)
  2. Yellow Marrow: composed of fat (relatively inactive)
31
Q

Describe the main bone structures within skeletal muscle.

A
  1. Long Bones that include:
    1. Diaphyses that swells into metaphayses and terminates into epiphyses
  2. Diaphyses and Metaphyses: composed on compact bone and contain bone marrow
  3. Epiphysis: consists of spong bone
    1. Includes epiphyseal (growth) plate (between epiphyses and metaphyses
32
Q

Cartilaginous Structure that causes linear growth in bone and close during puberty

A

Epiphyseal Growth Plate

33
Q

Surrounds Long Bone and attaches it to muscles

A

Periosteum

34
Q

_______ attach muscle to bone, _______hold bones together at joints.

A
  1. Tendons
  2. Ligaments
35
Q

The bone matrix is important for storage of organic and inorganic compounds. What are the inorganic compounds? What are the organic compounds that make up the Hydroxyapatite.

A
  1. Inorganic Compounds: glycoproteins, peptides, and collage
  2. 2) Hydroxyapatite: Calcium, Phosphate, Hydroxide Ions
36
Q

What is the purpose of Hydroxyapatite?

A
  1. Strength
  2. Maintanence of these ions concentrations in the blood
37
Q

What is the purpse of fat stored in bone?

A

Energy Storage

38
Q

Describe the organization of the Osteon/Haversion System

A
  1. Each osteon contains concentric circles of lamellae, surrounding a central channel
    1. Longitudinal Channel: Haversion Canals
    2. Transverse Channel: Volkman’s Canals
  2. B/t lamellae are lacunae (house osteocytes)
  3. Lacunae are interconnected by canaliculi
    1. Canaliculi allow for exchange of nutrients between osteocytes trapped in lacunae
39
Q

Macrophages that “Chew” bone and release nutrients/minerals to blood stream. Create the canals for which osteoblasts and vessels can travel through. Important for bone remodeling

A

Osteoclasts

40
Q
A
41
Q

Follow the canals built by osteoclasts and secrete collagen and organic compounds to create matrix. Also become encased in matrix and differentiate in osteocytes.

A

Osteoblasts

42
Q

The inorganic compounds are absorbed by the out of the blodstream, and harden the matrix secreted by the osteoblasts

A

Calcium and Phosphate

43
Q

This hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland and triggers increased activity of osteoclasts, releasing calcium and phosphate back into the bloodstream when these levels are low.

A

PTH Hormone

44
Q

This hormone is released by the thyroid and triggers increased osteoblast activity, decreasing calcium levels in the blood when they become too high.

A

Calcitonin

45
Q

Activated by parathyroid home to increase resorption of bone. These leads to high bone turnerover, resulting in stronger bones.

A

Vitamin D

46
Q

Chondrin

A

Matrix secreted by chondrocytes for cartilage formation

47
Q

Describe three important characteristics of cartilage

A
  1. Elastic
    1. Found in areas requiring more flexibility and cushioning
  2. Avascular
  3. Not innervated.
48
Q

Immovable Joints

A

Joints fused together

49
Q
A
50
Q

Moveable Joints

A

Joints connected by ligaments and contain synovial capsule

51
Q

Fluid within sinovial capsules that lubricate the joint.

A

Synovial Fluid

52
Q

Aticular Cartilage

A

Coats joints and aids in movement/cushioning

53
Q

Muscles that serve opposite functions. When one muscle contracts, the other lengthens.

A

Antogonist Pairs

Kaplan Biology (11 decks)

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