Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kaplan Biology > Embryogensis and Development > Flashcards

Embryogensis and Development Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ampulla

A

Widest region of fallopian tube where fertalization usually occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the wo major components of the ovum (outside of cellular membrane)?

A
  1. Zona Pellucida: acellular mixture of glycoproteins
    1. Aid in protection of ovum
    2. Aid in sperm binding
  2. Corona Radiata
    1. layer of cells that adhere to oocyte during ovulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain process and major components of Fertilization.

A
  1. Sperm comes into contact with ovum (often in ampulla)
  2. Sperm Penetrates ovum with acrosomal enzymes
  3. Forms Acrosomal Apparatus with ovum membrane
    1. Tube-like structure that penetrates membrane (fusing with ovum membrane) so that pronucleus can be release into ovum for completion of meiosis II
  4. Cortical Reaction Occurs after penetration
  5. Fertlization Membrane is Produced
    1. Depolarized and impenetratable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Two main purposes of Cortical Reaction

A

Releases of calcium ions:

  1. Depolarizes the ovum membrane to prevent further fertilzation by additional sperm
  2. Increase metabolic rate of the newly formed zygote
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fertilization of two different eggs release during the same ovulatory cycle and fertilized by two different sperm. Each develop their own, chorion, amnion, and placenta.

A

Dizygotic (Fraternal) Twins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Single Zygote splits into two. Have same genetic material. Can share embryonic structures such as placenta, chorion, and amnion.

A

Monozygotic (Identical) twins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Three classifications of monozygotic twins.

A
  1. monochorionic/monoamniotic
  2. monochorionic/diamniotic
  3. Diamniotic/monochorionic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Four Major Processes that Occur after fertilization.

A
  1. Cleavage
  2. Blastulation
  3. Gastrulation
  4. Neurulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Brief Summary of four processes that occur after fertilzation.

A
  1. Cleavage: Rapid mitotic division of the embryo forming a morula (with the first nulifying the unicellular defining character of a zygote)
  2. Blastulation: Blastula with Blastocoel is formed and comprised of inner cell mass and surrounding trophoblast. (known as a blastocyst in mammals). Implantation also occurs during blastulation.
  3. Gastrulation: Generation of three distinct cell layers forming a gastrula (with ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
  4. Neurulation: Development of the nervous sytem.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Important aspects of Cleavage

A

Purpose: Rapid Mitotic Division of New Embryo

  1. Cells Increase two ratios
    1. N:C
    2. SA:V
  2. Indetermine Cleavage vs. Determinite Cleavage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Process in which cells are capable of becoming any part of the body during cleavage.

A

Indeterminate Cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Process by which cells are committed to differentiating into a specific cell during cleavage.

A

Determinate Cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Solid mass of cells created by embryonic cleavage.

A

Morula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Important Aspects of Blastulation

A
  1. Blastula (hollow ball of cells) with Blastocoel (fluid -filled inner cavity)
  2. Two different cells types: Inner Cell Mass + Trophoblast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Part of the Blastula that becomes the placental structures.

A

Trophoblasts

After Implanation into the Endometrium, the trophoblasts begin development of the:

  1. Chorion: extraembryonic membrane that becomes placenta
  2. Chorionic Villi: finger-like projections (that also develop into placenta)
    1. Penetrate into endometrium and support maternal-fetal gas exhange
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Consists and 2 arteries and 1 vein encased in a gelatinous substance and function as maternal-fetal blood exchange. Also connects placenta to developing embryo.

A

Placenta (Formed from yolk sac and allantois)

  1. Arteries: deoxygynated fetal blood and waste from embryo to placenta
  2. Vein: oxygynated blood from placenta to embryo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Site of early blood cell development (functions in place of placenta until it becomes fully functional)

A

Yolk Sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Site of early fluid exchange between yolk sac and embryo

A

Allantois (together with yolk sac become the placenta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Thin tough membrane filled with amniotic fluid that surrounds the allantois. “Shock absorber” during pregnancy.

A

Amnion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Be able to understand and analyze the major aspects of fetal develoment within this picture.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Important aspects of gastrulation.

A
  1. Formation of the Gastrula = Archenteron + Blastospore
    1. Archenteron: membrane invagination into blastocoel (gut)
    2. Blastospore: Opening of Archenteron (anus(in deuterosomes))
  2. Formation of Primary Germ Layers = Beginning of Differentiation
    1. Ectoderm
    2. Mesoderm
    3. Endoderm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

“Atractoderm”

A

Ectoderm (what can make a person attractive)

-Skin, hair, nails, facial structures, and nervous systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Oderm: Means to “get around”

A

Mesoderm

  • Bones and muscles
  • Circulatory System
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

“In-doderm” (Lining of Organs)

A

Endoderm

  • Respiratory and Digestive Tract and accessory organs
25
Q

Explain Process of Neurulation

A
  1. Rod of mesoderm cells form a notochord along axis of organism
  2. Notochord induces ectodermal cells to pinch inward to form neural fold
  3. Neurol groove forms as a result of the the ectoderm pinching inwards and eventually separating from surrounding neural fold to form neural tube
  4. Neural Tube, which becomes CNS, is surrounding by neural crest, which become PNS
  5. Ectoderm migrates over tube and crests to cover nervous system
26
Q

Interfere with embryonic development and can cause defects or death.

A

Teratogens

27
Q

Two subsequent mechanisms that result in cell specialization

A
  1. Determination
  2. Differentiation
28
Q

Determination

A

Commitment of a Cell lineage, which is accomplished by:

  1. Uneven segregation of cellular material during mitosis

OR

  1. Morphogens: promote development down to a specific cell lineage
29
Q

Changes a cell undergoes due to selective transcription to take on characteristics of a specific cell lineage.

A

Differentiation

30
Q

Undifferentiated cells that give rise to other cells that will differentiate

A

stem cells

31
Q

List and describe 3 different types of stem cells

A
  1. Totipotent (most potent): can differentiate into any cell (including placental structures or actual fetus)
  2. Pluripotent (gastrulation): can differientiate into all three germ layers and their derivatives, but not placental strucutures.
  3. Multipotent (least potent - most specialized): Can differientiate into multiple types of cells within a specific group
32
Q

Determines how many different cell types a stem cell can become.

A

Potency

33
Q

What are the roles of the inducer and responder in cell-to-cell communication?

A

Inducers promote differentiation by secreting a signal to induce another cell, which is the responder. Responder must be “competent,” or able to respond to inducing signal.

34
Q

List the four types of cell to cell communcation.

A

1) Autocrine
2) Paracrine
3) Juxtacrine
4) Endocrine

(Also remember that signals often occur via gradients)

35
Q

Type of cell-to-cell communication where signal that acts on the same cell the released the signal.

A

Autcrine

36
Q

Type of cell-to-cell communication where signal on cells in local area.

A

Paracrine

37
Q

Type of cell-to-cell communication where signal acts through direct stimulation of nearby cells.

A

Juxtocrine

38
Q

Type of cell-to-cell communication where signal acts on distant tissues after traveling through bloodstream.

A

Endocrine

39
Q

These are inducers made of proteins that promote differentiation and mitosis in certain tissues.

A

Growth factors (most of which only target/code for specific cells or tissue)

40
Q

Reciprocal Induction

A

When two tissues induce further differentiation on the other (i.e. one induces a signal to an adjacent cell, which in return induces a signal on the initial cell).

41
Q

Describe the Process of Apoptosis.

A
  1. Cell divides into many self-containing apoptotic blebs
  2. Blebs are ingested by other cells

(This method prevents waste/toxins from being released into extracellular environment because pieces are still within cellular membrane; Apoptosis can be important for sculting certain anatomical features, such as the webbing between digits.)

42
Q

Process of cell death in which cell dies due to injury.

A

Necrosis

(Can be harmful to other cells due to release of toxic substances)

43
Q

Regerative Capacity

A

Ability for Organism to regrow certain body partss.

44
Q

Where gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur in an embryo.

A

Placenta

45
Q

Method by which nutrients and waste products are transfered from fetus to mother.

A

Diffusion (which requires a gradient)

46
Q

Explain how oxygen, carbon dioxide, and waste are exchanged between fetus and mother.

A

Diffusion via a gradient

  • Oxygen
    • Mother has a higher partial pressure of oxygen than child
    • Fetus has HbF, which has a higher affinity for O2 than maternal Hb
    • HbF assists with transfer and retention of oxygen in fetal circulatory system
  • CO2 and waste
    • Mother has a higher affinity for transfer and retention of CO2 and waste products (opposite of HbF)
47
Q

List the three major functions of the Placenta

A
  1. Waste, gas, and nutrient exchange
  2. Immune Protection (protects against pathogens and transfers antibodies to fetus)
  3. Endocrine Functions (secretes est. and prog. to allow pregnancy to continue)
48
Q

List two organs that do not serve a purpose prior to birth.

A

1) Liver (detoxification and metabolism are primarily controlled by mother’s liver)
2) Lungs

49
Q

List 3 shunts that block off blood flow to lungs and liver.

A
  1. Foramen Ovale
  2. Ductus Arteriosis
  3. Ductus Venous
50
Q

Connects the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs during fetal development.

A

Foramen Ovale

(Remember than during fetal development, pressure on the right side of the heart is greater than pressure in the left side of the heart, which reverses upon birth)

51
Q

Connects the pulmonary artery to aorta, bypassing the lungs during fetal development.

A

Ductus arteriosis

52
Q

Connects the umbilical vein to inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver during fetal development.

A

Ductus Venous

53
Q

Major Milestones during First Trimester of Pregnancy.

A

Organogenesis

54
Q

Major Milestones during Second Trimester of Pregnancy.

A
  1. Rapid Growth
  2. Face Becomes Distinct
  3. Digits Elongate
55
Q

Major Milestones during First Third of Pregnancy.

A
  1. Rapid Growth
  2. Brain Development
  3. Transfer of Materna Antibodies to fetus
56
Q

Parturition

A

Vaginal Birth

57
Q

List events that occur during vaginal birth.

A
  1. Cervix thins out
  2. Amniotic Sac Ruptures
  3. Uterine Smooth Muscles Contract (coordinated by prostaglandins and peptide hormone oxytocin)
  4. Fetal Birth
  5. Afterbirth (placenta and umbilical cord)
58
Q
A

Kaplan Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions