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Kaplan Biology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

List 3 major components that make-up cardiovascular system.

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood Vessels
  3. Blood
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2
Q

Describe two major circulation systems within cardiovascular system.

A
  1. Systemic Circulation: Circulates oxygenated blood throughout body and returns deoxyganted blood to right atrium
  2. Pulmonary Circulation: Circulates deoxygnated blood from right side of the heart (specifically right ventricle via pulmonary artery) and oxygenated blood from lungs to left side of heart (specifically to left atrium via pulmonary vein)
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3
Q

Why could the heart be considered two pumps?

A

Because there is a region of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to to the lungs (1st pump) and a second region of te heart that pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (second pump).

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4
Q

Part of the heart that receives blood via vena cava or pulmonary vein.

A

Artria

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5
Q

Part of the heart that contract to send blood to lungs or the rest of the body.

A

Ventricles

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6
Q

Valves that seperate atria and ventricles.

A

AV Valves

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7
Q

Seperates R atrium and ventricle.

A

Tricuspid Valve

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8
Q

Seperates L atrium and ventricle.

A

Mitral Valve

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9
Q

Valve located after each each ventrical (b/t right ventricle and pulmonary artery and left ventricle and aorta)

A

Semilunar Valves

  1. Aortic and Pulmonary valves
  2. These valves create pressure within the ventricles that:
    1. Propel blood forward for circulation
    2. Prevent backflow of blood
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10
Q

Which side of the heart has more musculature and thus greater pressure and why?

A
  1. Left side of the heart
  2. Must pump blood over a larger distance than right heart.
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11
Q

Region seperating ventricles and contains Bundle of HIS

A

Interventricular septum

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12
Q

Explain the path a red blood cell will taking during an entire cycle, starting from the right atrium. Include the valves, arteries, and veins which the blood cell will pass through.

A
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13
Q

Describe the path of electrical conduction of the heart.

A
  1. Signal begins at the SA node (pacemaker - does not require neurological input)
  2. Signal travels down B/L atria, causing them to contract (atrial systole during ventricular diastole)
  3. Signal then reaces AV node, right above ventricles
  4. Signal briefly delays
  5. Signal then shoots down Bundle of HIS, located in the interventricular speptum
  6. Signal reaches purkinji fibers that extend up to B/L ventricles
  7. Signal is sent to ventricles, causing ventricles to contract (ventricular systole during atrial diastole)
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14
Q

Myoegenic activity

A

heart contracts without neurological input

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15
Q

How does the heart contracts without neurological input? What is the main structure for this to occur?

A

Intercalated discs

Contains gap junctions that allows cytoplasm to connect to adjacent cells. Allows electrical impulses to travel throughout heart.

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16
Q

What would be the sole purpose of neurological input to the heart

A

Increasing/Decreasing HR

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17
Q

The circulatory system is under ________ control of the nervous system.

A

Autonomic (Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic)

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18
Q

During atrial systole, which valves are closed and which are open?

A

Closed: Semi-lunar Valves

Open: AV Valves

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19
Q

During atrial diastole, which valves are closed and which are open?

A

Closed: AV Valves

Open: Semilunar Valves

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20
Q

Systole is often referred to in terms of the __________ contraction of the heart.

A

Ventricular

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21
Q

Diastole is often referred to in terms of the __________ relaxtion of the heart.

A

Ventricular

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22
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Blood volume pumped from ventricles per minute

(product of HR times stroke volume(volume of blood pumped per beat))

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23
Q

Three major types of blood vessels.

A
  1. Veins
  2. Capillaries
  3. Arteries
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24
Q

Describe the structure of the arteries and why the structure is important for it’s function

A
  1. Thicker with smaller cross sectional area than veins.
    1. Due to higher pressure of blood exiting left ventricle and aorta
  2. Elastic and recoil following ventricular contraction
    1. Help to keep blood moving forward
  3. Wrapped around smooth muscle that is oftem innervated by sympathetic nervous system
    1. For vasoconstriction(i.e. epinephrine)/Vasodialation
  4. Branch into small musclar arterioles
    1. Control flow into capillary beds
    2. also innervated to helped to regular BP (constriction dialation)
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25
Q

Describe the structure of the veins and why the structure is important for it’s function

A
  1. Inelastic
    1. Are able to stretch for large blood volumes, but does not have the recoil capability like arteries
  2. Less smooth muscle
  3. Thin Walled (larger cross sectional area tha arteries)
  4. Compressed by surrounding muscle and have valves
    1. to maintain one way flow
  5. Branch into venules
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26
Q

Which blood vessel has the largest cross sectional area? Which has the smallest?

A
  1. Capillaries
  2. Arteries
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27
Q

Which blood vessel has the largest amount of blood volume?

A

Veins

Causes veins to have larger pressure (especially in lower extremities). However, veins have less pressure in propelling blood forward due to smaller amounts of smooth muscle, which is why they depend on movement to get the blood back up to the heart.

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28
Q

What is the relationship between velocity and cross sectional area in blood vessels?

A

inversely proportional

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29
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and cross sectional area of blood vessels.

A

There is no specific relationship throughout the blood vessels. Memorize chart below.

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30
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries.

A
  1. Largest cross-sectional area
  2. Have walls that are one cell thick for diffusion (gas exchange)
  3. Narrow so blood can travel in a single line
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31
Q

Site of gas/nutrient exchange only occurs at the ______.

A

capillaries

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32
Q

Although most blood cells pass through 1 capillary bed before returning to the heart, what are 3 portal systems where the cell will pass through 2 capilary beds?

A
  1. Hepatic Portal System (gut to liver)
  2. Hypophyseal Portal System (hypothalmus to Anterior Pituitary gland)
  3. Renal Portal System (glomerulus to to vasa recta)
33
Q

List three major components of blood.

A
  1. RBC (Er)
  2. WBC (Leuk)
  3. Platelets (Thrombo)
34
Q

Liquid portion of blood containing nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and proteins. (essentially everything except actual blood cells.)

A

Plasma

35
Q

Blood cell whose purpose is solely for oxygen transport.

A

Erythrocyte

36
Q

Describe Structure (and lack there of) of Erythrocytes.

A
  1. Biconcave
    1. for travel in small capillaries
    2. for increased SA for gas exchange purposes
  2. Hemogobin
    1. Contains millions of hemoglobin molecules that bind and carry oxygen throughout the body
  3. RBC lack
    1. nucleus (cannot divide)
    2. mitochondria
      1. rely solely on Glycolysis for ATP production
37
Q

Percentage of blood composed of Erythrocytes

A

Hematocrit

38
Q

Blood cells that act on materials in the body not recognized as “self.”

A

Leukocytes

39
Q

List two types of Leukocytes

A
  1. Granulocytes
    1. Have granules of chemicals toxic to foreign substances that are released during exocytosis when necessary
  2. Agranulocytes
    1. Do not have granules.
40
Q

List three types of granulocytes (NEB). What type of immunity do they play a role in?

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Esonophil
  3. Basophil

Non-specific immunity

41
Q

List two types of Agranulocytes.

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Monocytes
42
Q

What are major roles of lymphocytes?

A
  1. Specific Immune Response (fight against specific pathogens)
    1. Some are primary responders
    2. Some just maintain long-term “memory bank” for pathogen recognition (i.e. vaccinations)
43
Q

Name three locations where lymphocytes mature.

A
  1. Lymph Nodes (B)
  2. Spleen (B)
  3. Thymus (T)
44
Q

Lymphocytes responsible for antibody generation.

A

B-Cell

45
Q

lymphocytes that kill pathogen and activate other immune cells.

A

T-Cells

46
Q

Agranulocyte that phagotizes foriegn matter.

A

Monocytes (called macrophages once they leave the blood and enter an organ)

47
Q

Cell fragments from megakaryocytes required for coagulation.

A

Platelet

48
Q

Production of blood cells and platalets.

A

Hematopoiesis

  • Mostly triggered by erythropoietin and thromboietin and occurs in bone marrow.
49
Q

Erythropoietin is secreted by the _______ and mainly stimulates production of _______.

A
  • kidney
  • red blood cells
50
Q

What are the two major antigens for blood groups.

A
  1. ABO Antigens
  2. Rh Factor
51
Q

Which blood alleles are codominant? What does this mean?

A
  • A and B
  • A person may express one, both, or neither alleles

(i.e. if a person has both alleles, both will be expressed and their will be no recessive allele)

52
Q

The O allele is recessive to both A and B. What does this mean?

A

People with type of blood do not express either variant of this protein and will have a homozygous recessive genoptype.

53
Q

What will happen if a person is given the wrong blood type during a blood transfusion?

A

Their body will produce antibiodies for the “foreign” antigen and hemolysis will occur.

54
Q

Universal Donors have what blood type? Why are they universal donors?

A
  1. Type O donors
  2. Because Type O donors will not express neither antigen variant and no immune reponse will be initiated.
  3. No ABO-related hemolysis will occur in the recipient.
55
Q

Universal Recipient have what blood type? Why are they universal Recipient?

A
  1. AB Blood Types
  2. No antigen is foreign to the recipient, which means that no immune response will occur.
56
Q

What are antibodies created in response to?

A

A foreign antigen (and they specifically target).

57
Q

What is the Rh Factor and what are the two types?

A
  • Presence of abscence of a specific allele called D
  • (+) sign is indicated with the Blood Type if a person has the allele
  • (-) sign is indicated with the Blood Type if a person does not have the allele
58
Q

Rh-Positivity is _______ ________ inheritance. What does this mean?

A
  1. Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
  2. One Positive allele is enough for this protein to be expressed.
59
Q

What is erythroblstosis fetalis?

A
  • When there is the presence of the Rh-Factor in a mother’s second child and the mother’s Rh negative immune system attacks the fetal blood cells, resulting in hemolysis of fetal cells.
60
Q

Measure of the force per unit area exerted on the wall of the blood vessels. Measured with a sphygmomanometer.

A

Blood Pressure

61
Q

Specialized neurons that detect changes in mechancal forces on walls of blood vessels.

A

Baroreceptors (stimulate sympathetic nervous , which cause vasoconstriction to increase BP (if low))

62
Q

How it BP regulated?

A
  1. Baroreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
63
Q

What hormone do chemoreceptors often stimulate the release of?

A

ADH (release by hypothalmus, stored by kidneys, and increases absorption of H2O in the kidneys)

64
Q

What is the purpose of Aldosterone?

A

Assist with low perfusion by stimulating kidney’s to increase reabsorption of sodium, ultimately resulting in reabsorption of H2O and increase in blood volume and pressure

Released through renin-angiotensin system

65
Q

Specialized neurons that sense a change in osmolarity of the blood (which often indicates dehydration)

A
66
Q

Natural diuretic, secreted by specialized atrail cells, that aid in the loss of salt, and ultimately water withing the fluid to decrease High BP.

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

67
Q

Protein composed of four heme groups with a central iron atom that binds oxygen, H+, and/or CO2 for transport throughout the body (although mainly carries O2)

A

Hemoglobin

68
Q

Oxygen Saturation

A

Percentage fo hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen in the body.

69
Q

When binding oxygen, hemoglobin goes from a tight to relaxed conformation. It exhibits ________ binding via a ________ feedback system.

A
  1. Cooperative Binding (increased affinity as soon as one oxygen binds as well as decreased affinity as soon as one oxygen leaves)
  2. Positive
70
Q

What is the equation for the bicarbonate buffer system and what is the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction?

A

Enzyme: Carbonic Annhydrase

71
Q

What happens to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve when there is an increase on CO2? Decrease or H+?

A
  1. Shifts right with high CO2 - LESS O2 affinity
  2. Shifts left with low CO2 or H+ - HIGHER O2 affinity
72
Q

Describe the Bohr effect.

A

Tendency for hemoglobin to decrease its affinity for O2, allowing them to efficiently unload O2 to tissue as a result of an increase in CO2

(this is often triggered by H+ protons binding to hemoglobin molecules, bot only because of an excess of CO2 in the system, but also to reduce hemoglobins affinity for oxygen)

73
Q

Triggers for the a right shift in the dissociation curve include:

A
  1. Increase in CO2
  2. Increase in H+
  3. Decrease in ph (more acidic)
  4. Increase in Temperature
  5. Increase in 2,3-BPG (side product of glycosis in RBC)
74
Q

What can cause the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the left.

A
  1. Decrease CO2
  2. Decrease in H+ (increase in pH)
  3. Decrease in temperature
  4. Decreased 2,3-BPG
75
Q

What are thr starling forces and what do they do?

A
  1. Hydrostatic Pressure
    1. force blood exerts against blood vessel walls
    2. pushes fluid out of blood into interstitial space via capillary beds
    3. decrease from arteriole to venule side of capillary bed
  2. Osmotic Pressure
    1. “sucking” prssure generated by solutes attempting to draw fluid back into the blood
    2. same throughout capillary bed
76
Q

What happens when fluid is not draw back into capillary bed via osmotic pressure.

A

edema (excess fluid in the interstitial space)

(or can return into central circulation via lymphatic system)

77
Q

Briefly explain process of coagulation.

A
  1. Endothelium blood vessel is damaged
  2. Platelets detect exposed collagen, release their contents and begin to aggregate
  3. Coagulation factors detect tissue factors (that were within collagen) and initiate coagulation cascade
  4. Afterwards, in summary
    1. Thromboplastin coverts prothrombin into thrombin
    2. Thrombin convers Fibrinogen to Fibrin
    3. Fibrin produces weblike material that allows for caputure of RBC and other platelets.
78
Q

Plasmin

A

Breaks down blood clots (Generated from plasminogen)

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