Musculoskeletal system Flashcards
Abduction
Lateral movement of a body part away from the midline of the body
adduction
lateral movement of a body part toward the midline of the body
Alignment
In a standing and sitting position a straight line can be drawn from the ear through the shoulder and hip. in bed, the head, shoulders and hips are aligned
Ball and Socket joint
the rounded head of one bone fits into a cuplike cavity in the other (shoulder and hip joints) flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation can occur.
Cartilage
Non-vascular connective tissue found in the joints as well as in the nose, ear, thorax, trachea and larynx
Circumduction
Movement of the distal part of the limb to trace a complete circle while the proximal end of the bone remains fixed. Example the leg is outstretched and moved in a circle.
Condyloid Joints
The oval head of one bone fits into a shallow cavity of another bone (wrist joint) Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction can occur
Dorsiflexion
Backward bending of the hand or foot
Eversion
Movement of the sole of the foot outward (Occurs at the ankle)
Extension
The state of being in a straight line
External rotation
a body part turning on it’s axis away from the midline of the body
Flat bones
Thin bones that contribute to shape. The ribs and several of the skull bones are flat bonesl.
Flexion
The state of being bent
Gait
The manner or style of walking. Normal Finding: head erect, vertebrae straight, knees and feet point forward, arms at side with elbows flexed, arms swing freely in alteration with leg swings.
Gliding joint
Articular surfcaes are flat. (Carpal bones of wrist and tarsal bones of feet) Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction can occur.
Hemiparesis
Refers to weakness of one half of the body
Hemiplegia
Paralysis of one half of the body
Hinge Joint
A spool-like surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another bone (Elbow, knee and ankle joints) only flexion and extension can occur
Hyperextension
The state of exaggerated extension
internal rotation
a body part turning on it’s axis toward the midline of the body
inversion
Movement of the sole of the food inward (occurs at the ankle)
Kyphosis
An increased thoracic spinal curve, More often seen in older adults
ligaments
tough fibrosis bands that bind joints together and connect bones and cartilage
long bones
found in the upper and lower extremities contribute to height and length
lordosis
an exaggerated lumbar curve is often seen during pregnancy or in obesity
muscle mass
refers to muscle size
atrophy
is decreased muscle mass due to disuse or neurologic impairment
hypertrophy
increased muscle mass resulting from exercise
muscle tone
the slight residual tension that remains in a resting normal muscle with an intact nerve supply.
Flaccidity
decreased tone resulting from disuse or neurologic imparments.
spasticity
increased tone that interferes with movement, also caused by neurologic impairments
paraplegia
paralysis of the leg
paresis
imparied muscle strength or weakness
pivot joint
a ringlike structure that turns on a pivot (Joints between the proximal ends of the radius and the ulna) Movement is limited to rotation
Plantar flexion
Flexion of the foot (foot drop)
pronation
the assumption of the prone position
quadriplegia
paralysis of the arms and legs
range of motion
the complete extent of movement of which a joint is normally capable.
Active range of motion:
the patient independently moves joints through their full range of motion.
active-assistive range of motion
the nurse may provide minimal support
passive rant of motion
the patient is unable to move independently and the nurse moves each joint through it’s range of motion
rotation
turning on an axis
saddle joint
bone surfaces are convex on one side and concave on the other (Joint between the trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb) Movements are side to side and back and forth
Scoliosis
A lateral curvature of the spine with increased convexity of the side that is curved
Short bones
located in the wrist and ankle contribute to movement
supination
the assumption of the supine position
tendons
strong, flexible, inelastic fibrous bands that attach muscle to bone.
