Musculoskeletal system Flashcards
What is body movement?
The bones act as levers - they push not pull! When a muscle contracts it pulls on the bone attached.
What is Framework?
The skeleton provides a solid framework for the body and helps battle the forces of gravity. The skeletal layer is strong and provides protection to many vital organs. The rib cage and it’s naturally enclosing shell effectively protects the heart and lungs from most traumatic injuries.
What is Protection of vital organs?
The skeletal layer is strong and provides protection to many vital organs. The rib cage and it’s naturally enclosing shell effectively protects the heart and lungs from most traumatic injuries.
What is Mineral Storage and what are some of the minerals that contribute to bone health?
Bone tissue efficiently stores a number of minerals that are important for health. Calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium all contribute to the health and maintenance of bone tissue as well as carrying out other roles in the body. Calcium also assists with muscular activity.
What is production of red blood cells?
Essential production of new red blood cells occurs within the cavity of long bones. Production levels are high during growth years, diminishing as age increases and the need for high rates of red blood cells decreases. Such cells are essential for oxygen transportation throughout the body.
What are short bones and an example?
Short bones are roughly cubical, with the same width and length. An example: the carpals in the wrist or tarsals in the foot.
What are Long bones and an example?
Long bones are longer than they are wide, and they have a hollow shaft containing marrow. An example: Femur, humerus, and phalanges.
What are Sesamoid bones and an example?
Sesamoid bones are small bones developed in tendons around some joints. An example: Patella at the knee joint.
What are Flat bones and an example?
Flat bones provide flat areas for muscle attachments and usually enclose cavities for protecting organs. Example: Scapular, Ribs, sternum, skull
What are Irregular bones and an example?
Irregular bones have no regular shape characteristics. Example: Vertebrae, and bones of the face.
What is the vertebral columns features?
The vertebral column has 33 vertebrae and some are more moveable than others. Vertebrae increase in size as they descend to support the body’s weight. Each vertebra has a hollow centre this is for the spinal cord that travels through it.
Sections of the Vertebral column?
Cervical (7): Supports the head.
Thoracic (12): Connects the ribcage to the vertebral column
Lumbar (5): Supports the weight of the body and provides attachment for large muscles.
Sacrum (5 fused): Fused part of the pelvis
Coccyx (4 fused): Tailbone, and site for muscle attachment.
What are the 3 classification of joints and their definitions?
Fibrous: Joints offer no movement. Eg: The skull, pelvis, sacrum and sternum
Cartilaginous: Slightly moveable - joints are joined by cartilage and allow small movements. Eg: Vertebrae and where the ribs join the sternum
Synovial: Freely moveable, joints offer a full range of movement and move freely in at least one direction. Eg: knee or shoulder
What is cartilage?
Cartilage is a tough, fibrous connective tissue located at the end of bones and between joints. It protects by absorbing the impact experienced in movements such as jumping.
What is a Ligament?
Ligaments connect bone to bone. They are a strong fibrous band of connective tissue that holds together two or more moveable bones or cartilage. Provides stability at the joint and prevents dislocation.
What is a tendon?
Tendons are fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Tendons are inelastic and very strong, allowing movement by helping muscles pull through the joint and on the bones.
What are the six types of Synovial joints?
Ball and socket
Pivot
Saddle
Condyloid
Gliding
Hinge
Movements at a Ball and Socket joint?
Flexion/extension, rotation, abduction/adduction.
Movements at a Pivot joint?
Rotation
Movements at a Saddle joint?
Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction,
Movements at a Condyloid joint?
Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction,
Movements at a Gliding joint?
flexion/extension, abduction/adduction
Movements at a Hinge joint?
Flexion/extension.
What is body movement?
All the muscles that can consciously control (voluntary control) are attached to bones. The central nervous system sends a message to the relevant muscle, and the muscle pulls the bones to allow the desired movement.W
What is adequate posture?
Muscles are continually in a state of tone that affects their ability to help our body maintain posture. The muscles of the back, trapeziums, rhombus, lattimus dorsi, strongly influence posture maintenance.
What is essential bodily functions?
Involuntary muscles are those over which we have little to or no control. They function continuously and preserve our ongoing body needs whether we are awake or not.
What are the 3 types of muscles and what are their characteristics?
Smooth: Found in hollow organs (bladder), involuntary control, fatigue more slowly.
Cardiac: Found only in the heart, involuntary muscle, hard to fatigue.
Skeletal: Attached to skeleton and causes movement, voluntary control, fatigue easily.
What are the 7 common features of muscles?
Nervous control
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
What is a fusiform muscle?
Fibres run the length of the belly and are designed for mobility not force. (Biceps, sartorius)
What is a Pennate muscle?
Fibres run at angles to tendons and are less mobile than fusiform. Designed for strength and power. THERE ARE 3 CATEGORIES
What is a unipennate muscle?
Fibres are only found on one side of the central tendon. (Hamstrings)
What is a bipennate muscle?
Fibres run off either side of a central tendon. (Rectorus femoris in quadriceps)
What is a multipennate muscle?
Fibres branch out from several tendons, and enables the body to generate the greatest force. (Deltoid)
What is a convergent muscle?
Fibres radiate from the main tendon, and compromise between fusiform and pennate. Capable of strength and power whilst maintaining mobility. (Pectoralis Major)
What is Epimysium?
Epimysium thickens as it reaches the ends of the muscle to form tendons that usually attach to bones
What is Fascicle?
Thousands of muscle fibres that run the length of the muscle belly and are arranged in bundles called fascicle.
What is Edomysium?
Each individual muscle fibre is surrounded by connective tissue called the endomysium which binds the fibres together to form bundles
What is Perimysium?
The fasciculi are surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called perimysium.
What happens during the sliding filament theory?
Z lines move closer
I band narrows
A band remains unchanged
the H zone may disappear
What are Type 1 muscle fibres?
Slow twitch oxidative muslces, red in colour, contain large amounts of myoglobin and mitochondria and blood capillaries. Resistant to fatigue and are suited to longer duration activities (marathon runners)
What are type 2A muscle fibres?
Fast twitch oxidative muscles, fast contraction, contains large amounts of myoglobin and mitochondria and blood capillaries. Pinkish in colour. Partially aerobic and are suited to events that require both aerobic and anaerobic. (400m runner)
What are type 2B muscle fibres?
Fast twitch glycolytic, contain, low myoglobin, relatively few mitochondria and blood capillaries. White in colour. Fatigue easily, fast contraction and suited to high intensity activities for short duration and anaerobic work.
What is a concentric contraction?
Concentric contraction is when the muscle length shortens as the force is being produced. Eg: bicep curl where the muscle shortens to lift the dumbell from the straight arm position.
What is a Eccentric contraction?
Eccentric contraction is when the muscle lengthens as the force is being produced. This will slow the limb or trunk movement to allow for controlled movements of the joint. (Lowering of dumbbell curl)
What is an Isometric contraction?
Isometric contractions is when a force is developed but there is no change in muscle length. (Wall sit)
What is an Agonist muscle?
The muscle that causes the major action and lengthens (prime mover).
What is an Antagonist muscle?
The muscle that relaxes and lengthens to allow movement to occur (causes the opposite action to agonist)
What is a Synergist muscle?
The muscle that assists the agonist to produce the required movement.
What is a Stabiliser muscle?
The group of muscles that ensure that the joint remains stable during movement.
What is Reciprocal inhibition?
The process of one muscle contracting (agonist) while the other muscle relaxes (antagonist) to create movement.
What are the levers three components?
Axis: the joint in the body that the lever moves around
Force: the muscles that contract to generate the force to move the lever
Resistance: the bone of the body and whatever is being held or moved by the bone.
Acronym: ARF
What are the classes of levers?
1st class: axis in middle
2nd class: resistance in middle
3rd class: force in middle (most human body)
How does a third-class lever create movement?
Bones act as levers, with muscles, create movement. When muscles contract, it pulls on the bone at the insertion point, moving it across a joint. The force from the muscle moves the bone (or other resistance) around the joint, allowing controlled movement.
