Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Name the type of bones
Flat
Long
Short
Sesamoid
Irregular
What are the features of flat bones?
Large surface area for muscle attachment
Provides protection
What are the features of long bones?
Support for limb musculature
Leverage of limbs
What are the features of short bones?
Cube-shaped
Allow some limited motion
Anti-concussive
What are the features of sesamoid bones?
Located along course of a tendon
Redirect forces and reduce friction
What are the features of irregular bones?
Various:
Protect nervous tissue (vertebrae)
Tongue attachment (hyoid)
What is ossification?
Bone formation
What are the two types of ossification?
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Describe intramembranous ossification
Mesenchymal cells convert into osseous tissue
Describe endochondral ossification
How do bones grow?
The epiphyseal growth plate produces more osseous tissue
What are the 4 types of bone cell?
Osteogenic cells: Involved in active bone formation
Osteoblasts: Active cell which produces bone matrix and aid calcification
Osteocytes: Mature bone cells
Osteoclasts: Bone resorbing cells
Why is bone matrix much more solid than other intracellular matrix types?
It is due to the high calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate and hydroxyapeptite
What is the function of collagen and elastin fibres in bones?
Provides some flexibility and strength (prevents bones shattering)
What is cartilage?
A strong, dense but flexible tissue made of chondrocytes, which are enclosed in an extracellular matrix rich in collagen, elastin and proteoglycans
What are the type of cartilage?
Elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
What is elastic cartilage?
Made of collagen type II
Contains elastin
Part of the larynx, epiglottis and ear flap
What is hyaline cartilage?
Made of collagen type II
Found on articular surface of bones, within the respiratory tract and on the ends of ribs
What is fibrocartilage?
Made of collagen type I and type II
Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis and menisci
What is the function of fibrous joints?
Synarthrosis (immovable)
What is the function of cartilaginous joints?
Amphiathrosis (little movement)
What is the function in synovial joints?
Diarthrosis (full movement)
Describe a fibrous joint
Bones connected by thick connective tissue
No joint space
Describe a cartilaginous joint
Joints held together by cartilage
No cavity
Synchondroses: Hyaline cartilage
Symphyses: Fibrocartilage
Describe a synovial joint
Joint cavity
Greatest range of movement
Name the types of synovial joints
Ball and socket (e.g. Hip)
Hinge (e.g. Elbow)
Condyloid (e.g. Wrist)
Planar (e.g. Between tarsal bones)
Pivot (e.g. between C1 and C2 vertebrae)
Saddle (e.g. Wrist)
What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?
Ligaments: Bone to bone
Provide joint support
Elastic and strong
Fibres: Non-parallel
Higher in Proteoglycans
Tendons: Muscle to bone
Facilitate joint and limb movement
Non-elastic and tough
Fibres: Parallel
Higher in Type I collagen
What are the three types of muscle?
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
