Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
muscle wasting; individuals become immobile and have short lifespan
Muscular Dystrophy
this system is essential for movement and provides protection, structure, and support
Skeletal System
3 types of animal skeleton
Hydrostatic Skeleton, Exoskeleton, Endoskeleton
it supports the body and movement even in the absence of bones
Hydrostatic Skeleton
examples of hydrostatic skeleton
earthworms , cnidarians
this type of skeleton is unsuitable for activities that need the body to be lifted off the ground
Hydrostatic Skeleton
external covering made of hard hard materials
Exoskeleton
composed pf proteins and chitin
Arthropods Exoskeleton
rigid and leathery material among soft tissue
Endoskeleton
Examples of Endoskeleton
humans and echinoderms
this type of skeleton is composed of axial and appendicular skeleton
Vertebrate Skeleton
main scaffold of the body to protect delicate internal organs
Axial
example of axial skeleton
Skull, Vertebral column, rib cage
example of appendicular skeleton
limbs ( fins, wings, arms, legs)
consists of bones of appendages and the bones which connect the appendages to the axial skeleton
Appendicular
composed of several lining tissues; supplied with nutrients and hormones
bones
covers each end of bone to protect it as it glides past another bone
cartilage
covers most of the length of the hone which aids in bone restructuring during fracture
Soft connective tissue
maintains bone flexibility while the hard minerals enable the bone to withstand tension
Collagen
composes bone length
Compact Bone
it stores fats
Yellow bone marrow
it produces red blood cells
Red bone marrow
connective tissue that connects bones and joints
Ligaments
A type of joint thay dictates bone movement and can do multiple movements like swing, lift, rotate
Ball nd socket joints
A type of joint that has open and close movement only and cannot rotate
Hinge Joints
A type of joint that can do rotation movements only
Pivot joints
examples of ball and socket joints
shoulders, hips
examples of hinge joints
knees, elbow
example of pivot joint
neck
it connects muscle to bones
Tendons
True or False
for bones to move, muscles attached to them must contract or shorten
True
usually works in _________ pairs, such as biceps and triceps
antagonistic
bring food to mouth:
biceps: ______, triceps: _______
contract, relax
is multinucleated and contains many myofibrils in separate bundles with proteins actin and myosin
Muscle Cell
what are the proteins in Muscle cell
actin and myosin
it is composed of sarcomeres arranged in a series
myofibrils
a basic unit of muscle that can contract; contains thin and thick filaments alternating
Sarcomeres
this type of molecule makes up thin filaments
Actin
This type of molecule makes up of thick filaments
Myosin
Muscle contracts when ____ filaments slide past each other
THIN
it regulates contraction by sending action potential to synaptic terminal
motor neuron
released from terminal to the muscle cell which then releases calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum
Neurotransmitters
what does neurotransmitter releases?
calcium ions (Ca2^+)
this type of ion attaches to the binding sites in sarcomere, which induces myosin to attach to actin that causes muscle contraction
(Ca2^+) ions
where does Calcium ions attach, which induces myosin to attach to actin?
binding sites in sarcomere
when do muscle stops contracting?
when the motor neuron stops sending action potentials
True or False
the heavier the object needed to be lifted, the more motor is needed
true
correct arrangement of muscle structure from the smallest to the biggest
sarcomere -> myofibril -> muscle fiber -> muscle
Which skeleton forms the armor of arthropods such as spiders?
Exoskeleton
A bone contains all the following except
Cartilage, red bone marrow, actin and myosin, blood vessels
Actin and myosin
Which joint allows the most room for movement?
Ball-and-socket joint
Describe how muscles move
Pairs of muscles work as antagonists
Human red blood cell : no nucleus;
Muscle cell : ___________
Multi-nucleated
Which is true about your sliding filament mechanism?
a. Thin filaments shorten
b. Sarcomere lengthening
c. Thick filaments shorten
d. Z lines expand
A
Which is not involve in inducing muscle contraction
Sodium ions
