INTERNAL REGULATION Flashcards
defined as the property of a system in which variables are regulated so that internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant.
Homeostasis
Keeps internal body temperature in a limited range.
THERMOREGULATION
animals rely on metabolism for heat generation. (mammals, birds, and a few reptiles)
Endotherms
animals absorb heat from the environment. (lizards, amphibians, invertebrates, and fishes)
Ectotherms
process in which the molecules are moved from the region of higher temperature to lower temperature.
heat transfer
heat absorption directly through physical contact
Conduction
heat transfer through liquid or air media
convection
heat transfer from the sun
radiation
heat lost when liquid turns into vapor
evaporation
t or f: organ systems can function alone
false, they rely on each other
example of organism with 2 cell layers in their bodies, have all their cells surrouned with fluids
hydra
t or f: Large organism need organs with HIGH, THIN, AND MOIST SURFACE AREA (ex. intestines, lungs, blood capillaries)
true
Fluid found in the spaces around cells
interstitial fluid
Humans have to keep a relatively constant body temp of ____
37 degrees celsius
regulation of body temp uses___ to keep it at normal body temp. common way of maintaining homeostasis.
negative feedback mechanism
if body temp increases, brain triggers the cooling pathway which dilates the blood vessels and induces ____grands to produce ____
(same answer for both blanks)
Sweat
increase in metabolic to generate more heat (shivering)
Metabolic heat production
hair or fur, fat layers, and feathers trap heat and lessen heat transfer
Insulation
adjusting diameter of blood vessels
Circulatory adaptation
blood vessels that carry blood from the body are parallel to those that carry blood from the limbs
Countercurrent exchange
Migration, sunbathing, and taking baths.
Behavioral responses
the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body.
Osmoregulation
animals with similar solute concentrations with their environment (marine animals)
Osmoconformers
animals differ in solute concentration with their environment
Osmoregulators
the waste products generated as the end products of protein metabolism
Nitrogenous wastes
most toxic waste that has to be diluted with plenty of water
ammonia
less toxic, can be stored in the body
urea
requires the least amount of water since it is excreted in semisolid paste form
uric acid
organ system responsible for excreting metabolic wastes and controlling solute and water consentration in the body
urinary system
____liters of blood in the circulatory system pass thru the kidney several times since almost ___ liters are processed daily, ____ liters become the filtrate which includes blood water, urea
5, 2000,180
the only vascular supply to the kidneys
renal artery
blood vessel that carries blood from the kidney and ureter to the inferior vena cava
renal vein
the filtering unit of the kidney,
glomerulus
a part of the nephron that forms a cup-like sack surrounding the glomerulus.
Bowman’s capsule
functional unit of the kidney, the structure that actually produces urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood.
Nephron
the outer layer of the kidney
Renal cortex
the inner part of the kidney. It consists of cone-shaped renal pyramids that contain the blood vessels and tubular structures of nephrons.
Medulla
responsible for reabsorbing approximately 65% of filtered load and most, if not all, of filtered amino acids, glucose, solutes, and low molecular weight proteins, WHERE THE REABSORPTION OF IMPORTANT SOLUTE OCCURS
proximal tubules
long U-shaped portion of the tubule that conducts urine within each nephron of the kidney of reptiles, birds, and mammals.
loop of henle
urinary system balance process
filtration- reabsorption-secretion-excretion
which animals are endotherms
a. frogs
b. lizards
c. fishes
d. birds
D
Excretion, filtration, reabsorption, secretion:
proximal tubule
reabsorption
Excretion, filtration, reabsorption, secretion:
distal tubule
reabsorption, secretion
Excretion, filtration, reabsorption, secretion:
glomerulus
filtration
Excretion, filtration, reabsorption, secretion:
collectin duct
reabsorption, secretion
Excretion, filtration, reabsorption, secretion:
loop of henle
reabsorption
why do animals have to maintain body temp in a narrow range?
Metabolic process and molecules are sensitive to extreme temp
what will be the direction of water movement if cell has high SOLUTE concentration compared to its environment?
water will enter the cell and the cell will burst
adaptation that freshwater fishes use
osmoregulators
the organism is terrestrial, its priority is conserve water, this anumal can excrete all nitrogenous wastes EXCEPT
Ammonia
