Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

what does the muscular system include?

Answer 1

skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle

Question 2

How does skeletal muscle function

Answer 2

attaches to the skeleton by tendon to bring about movement. contraction of this muscle in under voluntary control

Question 3

Where is smooth muscle found?

Answer 3

in the walls of the digestive system, blood vessels, air passages and other tubular structures.
Contraction of the muscle is involuntary and slow

Question 4

Where is cardiac muscle found?

Answer 4

in the heart muscle.
contraction of this muscle is involuntary and rhythmically

Question 5

why is locomotion important?

Answer 5

For navigating through the environment
Locating food and for survival

Question 6

examples of swimming adaptations

Answer 6

-modified bones in the forelimbs
-caudal vertebrae and muscle mass provided propulsion in water
-streamlined bodies to reduce drag in water
-loss of limbs to reduce drag

Question 7

examples of climbing adaptations

Answer 7

-long bones in the limbs for climbing
-opposable hands and feet
-modified prehensile tail

Question 8

examples of cursorial adaptation (runner)

Answer 8

-long slender bones allow longer strides
-lightweight skeleton and flexible spine
-coccygeal vertebrae provides balance
-absence of bones e.g. collar bones in cheetahs
-claws or modified hairs to aid in grip over substrates

Question 9

examples of powered flight adaptations

Answer 9

-spinal vertebrae are fused to help keep the trunk of the body stiff during flight.
-lumbar, sacral and a few caudal vertebrae are fused into a single, solid structure called the synsacrum.
-elimination of bones shorter pygostyle- tail bone
-pneumatic bones showing a honeycomb shape
-beaks instead of mandibles to reduce weight
-feathers to aid in flight
-furculum (collarbone) where the main flight muscles attach to provide strength to the thoracic region to support flight

Question 10

examples of hopping/leaping adaptations

Answer 10

-elastic tendons to support flexibility
-reduction in size of the forelimbs
-reduction of the number of digits in the hind limb
-stiffening of the spine to resit shock
-fusion of cervical vertebrae and long counterbalancing tail in some species

Question 11

examples of gliding adaptation

Answer 11

-lightweight
-webbing of skin between the front limb and hind limbs called the patagium
-modified tail to direct movement
-cartilaginous wrists to reduce drag and direct movement

Question 12

musculoskeletal disorders- hip dysplasia

Answer 12

abnormal function of the hip socket that causes one or both hips to develop irregularly causing pain, swelling and arthritis

Question 13

musculoskeletal disorders- hip dysplasia symptoms

Answer 13

lameness
abnormal posture
difficulty standing or climbing
inability to exercise
loss of muscle mass
painful hips

Question 14

musculoskeletal disorders- osteoarthritis

Answer 14

common disease common in geriatric animals. deterioration of the cartilage surrounding the joints leading to bone rubbing on bone altering the shape of the joint

Question 15

musculoskeletal disorders- osteoarthritis cause and symptoms

Answer 15

cause- can be linked to diet, injury and incorrect weight
symptoms- stiffness, lameness, discomfort and pain leading to aggression, uneven gait and inability to jump

Question 16

musculoskeletal disorders- osteochondritis

Answer 16

lack of cartilage development to bone affecting joints.
as the surface of the joint fails to convert into bone there is a thickening of cartilage.
the thicken cartilage can then detach from the surrounding normal cartilage and form a flap

Question 17

musculoskeletal disorders- osetochondritis cause and symptoms

Answer 17

cause- can be linked to genetics, trauma and to a less extent to diet
symptoms- lameness, stiffness and muscle wastage and limb pain