Bones Structure and Function

Question 1

Define Axial

Answer 1

bones which make the head and trunk of the body (skull, spine and ribcage)

Question 2

Define Appendicular

Answer 2

consists of bones found in the fore and hindlimb (pelvic and pectoral girdles and limbs)

Question 3

What are the 5 main types of bones?

Answer 3

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid

Question 4

Function of long bones

Answer 4

Aid in movement and strength- include most of the limb bones- humerus and femur

Question 5

Function of short bones

Answer 5

Aid in limited movement and strength- cube shaped bones- carpal and tarsal bones

Question 6

Function of flat bones

Answer 6

Aid in protection- skull, scapula, ribs and pelvis

Question 7

Function of irregular bones

Answer 7

Aid in muscle attachment and serve as anchor points- similar structure to short bones but with less uniform shape- vertebrae

Question 8

Function of sesamoid bones

Answer 8

Short and irregular and can be set into a tendon. Decrease the friction and pressure of the tendon as it passes in proximity to a joint- patella

Question 9

Backbone:

Answer 9

provide support to the limbs
protect the spinal cord (form another channel called the vertebral canal)
Made up of a series of irregular shaped bones called vertebrae
It is divided into 5 regions, number of vertebrae varies between sepcies

Question 10

What are the 5 regions of the backbone?

Answer 10

Cervical-neck region
Thoracic-above the chest
Lumbar-above the abdomen
Sacral-above the pelvis
Coccygeal-the tail

Question 11

Why are the axis and atlas important?

Answer 11

In order to allow the head to move side to side

Question 12

What are the 5 regions of the avian backbone

Answer 12

Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Synsacrum
Caudal vertebrae
Pygostyle

Question 13

Function of cervical vertebrae

Answer 13

consists of 14-15 vertebrae

Question 14

Function of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 14

consists of 4-6 fused vertebrae providing rigidity

Question 15

Function of the synsacrum

Answer 15

consists of fusion of a few lower thoracic vertebrae, all of the lumbar, al of the sacral, and first few caudal vertebrae

Question 16

Function of caudal vertebrae

Answer 16

consists of 4-9 non-fused vertebrae

Question 17

Function of pygostyle

Answer 17

terminal triangular bone made from serveral fused vertebrae (4-7)

Question 18

What does the forelimb include?

Answer 18

The bones from the shoulder blade down through the limb to the phalanges

Question 19

Bones in the hindlimb include…

Answer 19

Pelvis
Femur (thigh bone)
Patella (kneecap)
Tibia (shinbone)
Tarsals (‘hock’ in animals)
Metatarsals
Phalanges/digits

Question 20

Structure of compact bones

Answer 20

A dense material that creates hard structure that bones are characterised for. Encases spongey bone and bone marrow providing protection.

Question 21

Structure of spongy bone

Answer 21

has a honeycomb shape that gives bones lightness with strength. Found on the end of long bones and makes up most of the bone tissue of the limb girdles, ribs, sternum, vertebrae and skull

Question 22

The spaces in between spongy bone contain…

Answer 22

boner marrow, which is where red blood cells are made and stored

Question 23

Why do birds have a lightweight skeleton?

Answer 23

An adaptation that allows them to reduce the cost of flight, carry eggs and incubate them

Question 24

define pneumatic bones in birds

Answer 24

bones include spaces filled with air and are reinforced with a honeycomb structure that keep the weight of their bone minimal for efficient flight

Question 25

What do birds bone marrow consist of?

Answer 25

consists of blood-forming cells and fatty tissue.

Question 26

Where are the bones in birds with bone marrow found?

Answer 26

Found in the radius, ulna, femur, tibiotarsus, scapula, furcula, pubis and caudal vertebrae

Question 27

how have flightless birds adapted their internal bone structure?

Answer 27

They have less pneumatic bones to make them more rigid and strong to support locomotion on land