Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

structure and fnx of the musculoskeletal system

A

consists of the body’s bones, joint & muscles
1. support to stand erect
2. mvmt
3. encase and protect vital organs
4. protects red blood cells, white blood cells & platelets in bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
5. reservoir for storage of esssential minterals i.e calcium and phosphorus

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2
Q

structure and fnx

A

* there are 206 bones
Joints

  • Place of union between two or more bones
  • Functional units of MSK system – permit mobility needed for ADL’s
  • Fibrous joints – bones united by fibrous tissue or cartilage. Immoveable. (Sutures in skull)
  • Cartilaginous joints – separated by fibrocartilaginous discs. Slightly moveable. Vertebrae
  • Synovial joints – freely moveable because bones are separated from one another and enclosed in joint cavity. Cavity is lined with synovial membrane that secretes lubricated synovial fluid that allows for sliding of opposing surfaces.

Cartilage
* Avascular
* Tough, firm consistency, yet flexible
* Absorbs shock and allows bones to move over one another due to smooth surface

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3
Q

structure and function

A

Ligaments
Connect bone to bone; stabilizes bone and limits movement
Bursae
Fluid filled sacs that cushion bones & ligaments
Located in areas of potential friction (shoulder, prepatellar of knee)
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone
Strong, fibrous cord
Muscles
40%-50% of body weight
Give the body shape
facilitate movement through joints
skeletal muscle is under conscious control

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4
Q

inspection of muscuoskeletal

A

*Note:
Size, Contour, color, swelling, masses, or deformities
Swelling is significant and signals joint irritation. Always compare to other side.
Swelling = excess joint fluid, inflammation of surrounding tissue, or bony enlargement

Deformities:

Fracture – break in bone
Dislocation – complete loss of contact between two bones in a joint
Subluxation– two bones in joints stay in contact, but their alignment is off
Contracture – shortening of a muscle leading to limited ROM in joint
Ankylosis – stiffness or fixation in joint

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5
Q

palpation of the MSK

A

Palpate each joint:

Temperature, Tenderness, Swelling, Masses
Warmth and tenderness = inflammation

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6
Q

muscle strength

A
  • Muscle strength should be equal bilaterally.
  • This is a part of every head to toe assessment.
  • Have patient grip hands.
  • Press down on hands, then up. Repeat with feet/legs.
  • Grade muscle strength

grade 0-5, 5 being normal, 4 is good, 3 is fair, 2 is poor, 1 is trace & 0 is zero

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7
Q

range of motion

A

Start with active motion
* The patient moves the body part themselves
* Demonstrate movement if needed

Passive motion:

  • If limitations are assessed, gently help the patient move the body part. Anchor with one hand while you other hand slowly move it to its limit
  • ROM should be equal bilaterally.

Crepitation= audible and palpable crunching or grating that accompanies movement. Occurs when articular surfaces in joints are roughened (Rheumatoid arthritis)

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8
Q

range of motion-Temporomandibular joint

A
  • Have patient remain seated, inspect area just above ear
  • Place tips of fingers in front of each ear and have person open and close mouth then clench jaw.
  • Should feel smooth movement of the mandible
  • Some people may have audible click or palpable snap as mouth opens.
  • Note any swelling
  • TMJ dysfunction = crepitus and pain during movement or chewing. Tenderness with palpation.
  • Decrease ROM = TMJ inflammation or arthritis
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9
Q

range of motion- cervial spine

A

flexion- touch chin to chest
extension- lift chin towards ceiling
lateral bending- touch ear to shoulders
rotation- turn chin towards shoulder

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10
Q

ROM- Hands and Wrists

A

Extension
Bend hand up at wrist

Flexion
Bend hand down at wrist

Ulnar Deviation
With palms flat, turn them outward and in (like your hands were shaking head no)

Abduction
Tight fist

Adduction
Spead fingers apart

Phalen Test
Hold both hands back to back. If patient has carpal tunnel it will cause numbness and burning.

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11
Q

ROM- Hips

A

Hip Flexion (90 degrees)
Raise leg with knee extended

Hip Flexion (120 degrees)
Bend knee and raise leg, while other leg remains straight

Internal and external rotation
Flex knee and swing foot outward and inward

Abduction and Adduction
Swing leg laterally, then medially

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12
Q

ROM-Ankle and Foot

A

Plantar Flexion
Point toes towards floor

Dorsiflexion
Point toes towards nose

Eversion
Turn soles of feet out

Inversion
Turn soles of feet in

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13
Q

Pregnancy MSK

A
  • lordosis is the most characteristic posture chage
  • torward the 3rd trimester, may experience anterior cervical flecion, kyphosis and slumped shoulders
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14
Q

Aging adult MSK

A
  • bone remodeling occurs which is the cyclic process of bone reabsorption and and deposistion responsible for skeletal maintance at sites that need repair or replacement
  • may experience a decrease in height and slight flexion of the hips and knees
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15
Q

adolescence MSK

A
  • kyphosis is common because of poor posture (scoliosis screening should be completed)
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16
Q

ROM- shoulders

A

internal rotation
* Rotate arms internally, behind back
external rotation
*Touch both hands behind head
Abduction
* With arms at sides, raise both arms, touch palms together above head
adduction
* Move arms back down in front of body

17
Q

ROM-Elbow

A

Flexion/extension Bend and straighten elbow
Pronation/Supination Hold hand on table, touch front and back sides to table