HEART & NECK VESSELS... PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards
Layers of the heart wall
-pericardium
-myocardium
-endocardium
2 atriums
holding rooms
2 ventricles
muscylar pumping chamber
2 AV valves
tricuspid & mitral
Diastole
ventricles relaxed
AV valves open
pressure higher in atria
blood pours rapidly into ventricles
towards the end, atria contracts and pushes out the last amount of blood
systole
ventricles are full of blood=higher pressure in ventricles than in atria
AV valves swing shut(S1)=beginning of systole
ventricle walls contract, builds pressure
when pressure is higher, valves open, blood is ejected rapidly
after ventricle blood leaves, valves swing shut (s2)
heart sounds
S1= 1st heart sound, occurs with closure of AV valves
signals beginning of systole (loudest @ apex)
S2= second heart sound
occurs with closure of semilunar valves
signals end of systole
loudest @ base
murmurs= blood circulating normally makes no sound
–> noisy flow, gentle, blowing, swooshing sound
carotid arteries assessment
palpate one at a time to avoid compromising blood flow to the brain
arteries should be normal in strength & same bilaterally
diminished pulse- cardiogenic shock
increased pulse- feels full and strong, exercise, anxiety, fever
jugular vein assessment
Lets you assess Central venous
pressure/judge hearts efficiency as a
pump
* Stand on right side of patient
* Position patient supine at a 30-45 degree angle. Use pen light to see better
* Findings
* In some people you can see the jugulars, in
others you cannot
* If you can see them, they should disappear
by 45 degrees
* Full distended jugular veins above 45 degrees
signify increased CVP and heart failure
peripheral vascular system
Consists of veins and arteries to
perfuse the lower part of the
body
- Arteries carry oxygenated blood
out to the body - Veins carry deoxygenated blood
back to the heart - Neck: Carotid and jugular veins
lymphatic system
- Retrieves excess fluid & plasma
proteins - Forms part of immune system
- Absorb lipids from small
intestine - Lymph nodes
quality and strength of pulses
0= absent
1+= weak “thready” hard to palpate, decreased cardiac output, peripheral arterial disease, aortic valve stenosis
2+= expected normal, easy to palpate strong
3+= pounds under fingertips. exercise, anxiety, fever, anemia, hyperthyroidism
swelling/edema
+1 mild pitting, slight indentation,
no perception of swelling
- +2 moderate pitting, indentation
subsides rapidly - +3 deep pitting, indentation remains
for a short time, legs swollen - +4 very deep pitting, indentation
lasts a long time, legs grossly
swollen - Bilateral edema - may be related to heart disease
- Unilateral edema - may be related to deep vein thrombosis
cardiac cycle
the rhythmic movement of blood through the heart
other normal heart sounds
third heart sounds-due to the vibration to ventricles that resist early due to early filling
fourth heart sounds
due to vibration of noncompliant ventricles when the atria contract and push blood into them
why does the heart contract?
response to an electrical current in its conduction system
SA NODE–> ATRIA–> AV NODE (delay)–> BUNDLE OF HIS–> R/L bundle branches–>ventricles
ECG waves
labeled PQRST
measures depolarization of the atria, ventricles and repolarization of the ventricles
cardiac output
stroke volume x beats per min
preload
venous return that builds during diastole
afterload
opposing pressure that the ventricle must generate to open the aortic valves against the higher aortic pressure
carotid artery location
groove between the the trachea and the sternomastoid mm. its pulse coincides with ventricular systole
jugular vein
gives info about filling pressures and volume changes in the R. side of the heart
cardio system during pregnancy
blood volume increases by 30-50%, which increases the stroke volume, cardiac output and pulse rate
the foramen ovale allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to be shunted to the L side of the heart & out to the general circulation
