Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What is skeletal muscle?
They attach to the skeleton and provide the ability to move
Produce movements by pulling on tendons which connect muscle to bones
They enable someone to maintain posture
They generate heat as a by product for activity = help regulate body temp
Generally found in opposing pairs such as bicep and triceps, where one side relaxes another is fixed
What is hypotonia?
It is decreased muscle tone, a symptom rather than a condition
Healthy muscles are never relaxed, retain a certain amount of tension and stiffness that can be felt as resistance to movement
Muscle tone decreases during sleep, if you fall asleep sitting up you may wake up with your head flopped forward
What are the 2 types of skeleton in the body?
Axial and appendicular skeleton
3 types of bone in the body and examples?
Irregular bones - vertebrae, mandible and some skull bones
Short bones - as broad as thEy are long, often cube shaped or round e.g. tarsals + carpals
Flat bones - thin and flat, e.g. sternum, ribs
What is EZIO, what is it used for/where are the sites?
The EZIO is used when cannulation is unsuccessful
A needle is inserted into bone at particular sites which are: proximal humerus, proximal tibia, distal tibia and distal femur
used in patients in cardiac arrest or significantly reduced GCS/peri-arrest
7 main types of bone fracture?
Transverse Linear Oblique non-displaced Oblique displaced Spiral Greenstick Comminuted
What is the process of bone healing?
Haematoma forms between ends of bone and surrounding soft tissue
Dead bone and tissue fragments removed by phagocytosis. Osteoblasts deposit cartilage and spongy bone
New bone begins to form and harden broken ends
Reshaping of bone continues and callus turns into compact bone
What can bone healing be effected by?
Phagocytosis not occurring correctly Deficient blood supply Poor alignment of bone ends Continued mobility Aging Malnutrition Drugs
what is maxillofacial injuries?
Facial injury with significant swelling or bruising which could indicate serious injury
Bleed heavily
Cause distress due to appearance
Injuries to nose/mouth could potentially affect airway
Consider c-spine
Different areas of vertebrae e.g. cervical
Top to bottom =
Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacrum (5, fused) Coccyx (4, fused)
Why is a damaged c-spine life threatening?
The cervical spine protects nerves responsible for diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Types of spinal malformation?
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Can implicate immobilisation
What is cauda equina?
Spinal compression of a collection of nerve roots
Symptoms of cauda equina?
Loss of tone, saddle numbness, erectile dysfunction, lower back pain, sciatica, incontinence
Normal amount of circulating blood in adults?
5L
Where are the dangerous areas for internal blood loss?
Thorax = 3L
Abdomen =5L
Pelvis = 4-6L
Femurs = 1-2L
Types of joints, where they are located and common injuries?
Ball + socket - femur, pelvis, shoulder and humorous - dislocation + acetabular fracture
Hinge - knee, elbow, interphalangeal joints of hand and foot - ?
Saddle joint - joints in base of thumb, thorax, middle ear, heel - ?
Plane - between carpal bones, tarsal bones, between clavicle and vertebrae - ?
Condyloid and pivot joints
What is compartment syndrome?
Swelling on release of pressure/crush injuries, the swelling causes blood flow to be cut off which can cause tissue damage, ischaemia and toxin release
What is Aplastic anaemia?
Damaged stem cells in bones, preventing appropriate production of WBC’s and RBC’s, required regular transfusions
What is osteoporosis?
Weakening of bones = break easily
What is Padgett’s disease?
It is a disorder of bone remodelling
The balance between bone building and breakdown is disorganised
Can lead to deformities and fractures
Unknown cause
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