musculoskeletal system Flashcards
name the three anotomical planes
frontal, sagittal, transverse
how do the anotomical planes divide the body
frontal: anterior and posterior
sagittal: left side and right side of the body
transverse: upper and lower body
what rod like structure is skeletal muscle made up of?
muscle fibres
the membrane that covers the whole muscle is called/
epimysium
the membrane that covers fasciculi is called?
perimysium
the membrane that covers muscle fibre is called?
endomysium
Individual muscle fibres are made up of myofibrils which contain the contractile proteins (or myofilaments) needed for force generation. These two myofilaments are?
actin and myosin
key structures in a myofibril include?
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Sarcolemma
- Sarcoplasm
- Troponin and tropomyosin
the muscle fibre that is between fast twitch and slow twitch is called?
intermediate
what is the shoulder girdle and what does it do?
it is a set of bones, connects the arms to the axial skeleton
where is the glenohumeral joint found?
at the shoulder girdle
what segment of the spine consists of body, vertebral foramen, ars and spinous process?
cervical
what segment of the spine consists of consists of body, vertebral foramen, lamina, transverse process (2) and spinous process?
thoracic
what segment of the spine consists of body, vertebral foramen, lamina, transverse process(2), articular process (2) and spinous process?
lumbar
name the segments of the spine and how many vertebrae they have?
cervical - 7 thoracic - 12 lumbar - 5 sacrum - 5 cocyx - 3 to 5
at what age is the sacrum and cocyx normally totally fused?
30
structure of the spine consists of? (6)
vertebral body intervertebral disc spinal cord spinous process nerve root pedicle
what does DOMS stand for?
delayed onset of muscle soreness
what 3 ways can DOMS be minimised?
- reduce unusual muscle activity during training
- start exercise programme at low intensity and build up to high
- begin training at high intensity and drop intensity as you go
after exercise, when does DOMS usually start?
24 to 72 hours
what is connective tissue?
any tissue which supports, binds or protects organs or body parts.
what two fibres are the myofascial connective tissue made of?
collagen fibres and elastin fibres
use one word to describe collagen fibres and one to describe elastin.
collagen fibes are tough and elastin fibres are stretchy
what key systems directly affect movement?
nervous, skeletal and muscular system
what factors influence posture (6)?
weight height lifestyle activity habits degenerative disease previous injuries
how can abdominal obesity cause hyperlordosis?
shifts the centre of gravity forward
what is kyphosis and lordosis?
kyphosis: outward curve of thoracic spine
lordosis: inward curve of lumbar spine
explain hyperkyphosis, hypokyphosis, hyperlordosis and hypolordosis
Hyperkyphosis – an excessive curve of the thoracic spine
Hypokyphosis – a flattened curve of the thoracic spine
Hyperlordosis – an excessive curve of the lumbar spine, also known as a ‘hollow back’
Hypolordosis – a flattened curve of the lumbar spine
tendinopathy is?
term for tendon injuries
give two examples of tendinopathies.
golfer’s and tennis elbow
runner’s knee
what is frozen shoulder?
pain and limited range of motion of the shoulder
Cervicalgia and lumbago is?
neck pain and low back pain
what is Sciatica?
pain from the spine that travels down the leg.
Disc herniation is when…
an intervertebral disc is compressed
