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Musculoskeleton > Musculoskeletal Reflexes > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsal white matter

A

Contains ascending tracts to the cortex of the brain

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2
Q

Lateral white matter

A

Ascending and Descending corticospinal tracts

Primarily pathway of cerebellum receiving and sending signals

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3
Q

Anteriorlateral

A

Ascending and Descending tracts that modulate pain, temperature and maintain muscular posture.

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4
Q

Lamina 1

A

Found in dorsal horn

Dorsal root fibers that mediate pain, touch and temperature

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5
Q

Lamina 2

A

Found in dorsal horn

Substantia gelatinous neurons that modulate pain, muscular activity and temperature.

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6
Q

Lamina 3 and 4

A

Found in dorsal horn

Contains Proper sensory nucleus and spinothalamic tracts

Receives information from lamina 2 and mediates temperature, pain and crude touch.

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7
Q

Lamina 5

A

Found in dorsal horn

Receives descending tracts from corticospinal and rubrospinal areas.

Site of corticospinal tract development

Receives proprioception fibers and regulates movement

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8
Q

Lamina 6

A

Found in dorsal horn

Lateral portion: Receives descending corticospinal and rubospinal fibers

Medial portion: receives Afferent from muscle spindles and joint Afferents

receives majority of proprioception fibers and regulation of movement

*ONLY present in cervical and lumbar segments for limb modulation

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9
Q

Jaw muscle stretch reflex includes what nerve and what segmental innervation?

A

Pons= segmental innervation

Mandibular and trigeminal branches = Nerves

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10
Q

Biceps muscle stretch reflex includes what segmental innervation and what nerve?

A

C5-6 = segmental innervation

Musculocutaneous = nerve

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11
Q

Brachioradialis muscle stretch reflex includes what segmental innervation and what nerve?

A

C5-6 = segmental Innervation

Radial = nerve

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12
Q

Triceps brachi deep muscle reflex includes what segmental innervation and nerve?

A

C7-8 = segmental innervation

Radial = nerve

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13
Q

Finger muscle stretch reflex includes what segmental innervation and nerve?

A

C8 and T1 = segmental innervation

Median = nerve

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14
Q

Knee muscle stretch reflex includes what segmental innervation and nerve?

A

L3-4 = segmental innervation

Femoral = nerve

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15
Q

Ankle muscle stretch reflex includes what segmental innervation and nerve?

A

S1-2 = segmental innervation

Tibial = nerve

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16
Q

Upper abdominal superficial reflex includes what nerves and center modalities?

A

Afferent nerve center and efferent nerve = T7-10

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17
Q

Lower abdominal superficial reflexes includes what nerves and center modalities?

A

Afferent and efferent nerves and center = T10-12

18
Q

Cremasteric superficial reflex includes what nerves and center modalities?

A

Afferent nerve = femoral

Efferent nerve = genital branch of genital femoral

Center = L1

19
Q

Plantar superficial reflex includes what nerve and center modalities?

A

Afferent nerve = tibial

Efferent nerve = tibial

Center = S1-2

20
Q

Perineal (anal wink) superficial reflexes include what nerve and center modalities?

A

Afferent nerve = pudendal

Center = S4-S5

Efferent nerve = pudendal

21
Q

Ventral horn somatotopic organization of neuron bodies.

A

Posterior section of ventral horn = flexors

Anterior section of ventral horn = extensors

Medial section of ventral horn = axial and limb girdle

Lateral section of ventral horn = distal extremities.

22
Q

Alpha vs gamma motor neurons

A

Alpha: large A type motor neurons that synapse on extrafusal fibers (bulk of muscle not muscle spindle)

  • receive input from upper motor neurons and muscle spindles
  • generate contractile force

Gamma: small A type motor neurons that synapse on intrafusal fibers (muscle spindle in the middle of the muscle belly)

  • receive input from upper motor neurons
  • control basic muscle tone and reset sensitivity of a muscle
23
Q

Lateral inhibition explanation

A

Three steps

  • alpha motor neuron is excited
  • alpha motor neuron stimulates renshaw cells and other neurons (if present) via cholinergic signals
  • Stimulated renshaw cells inhibit motor neurons via GABA
24
Q

Renshaw cells

A

Regulate firing of alpha motor neurons “sharpen the signal”

25
Q

Types of muscle sensory receptors

A

Muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

26
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Sense the stretch and velocity of contractions in muscle fibers.

Organized via nuclear bag (centrally located nuclei) or nuclear chain (nuclei arranged in single file) in the intrafusal fibers.

  • contain primary Afferent fibers in both bag and chain organization
  • contain secondary afferent fibers in only nuclear chain form
27
Q

Primary Afferent fibers (1a) vs secondary afferent fibers (2)

A

Primary = found in nuclear bag or chain intrafusal fibers within muscle spindles
- respond to slow changes in length and rapid changes in length (static and dynamic responses)

Secondary = found only in nuclear chain intrafusal fibers within muscle spindles
- respond to slow changes in length only (static responses)

28
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Found on tendons and send information regarding tensile load of the tendon.

  • critical for resisting forces exerted to resist imposed loads or gravity acting on body.
  • also maintain posture
29
Q

Spinal reflexes general information

A

Involve an efferent motor neuron response via an afferent neruon stimulation.

  • not modulated by CNS and instead modulated via supraspinal mechanisms.
  • reflexes still remain intact below lesion levels if spinal cord is cut/damaged.
30
Q

Steps in the stretch reflex

A
  • muscle is stretched via force and activates via muscle spindles
  • intrafusal fibers deform and stimulate 1a afferents
  • 1a afferents synapse on alpha motor neurons eliciting contraction and also stimulate inhibitor interneurons.
  • inhibitory interneurons stimulate Innervation of the antagonist muscle via lateral inhibition.
  • 2 types: static and dynamic*
  • prevents oscillation or jerkiness of body*
31
Q

Dynamic vs static stretch reflexes

A

Dynamic: elicited by rapid change in length via primary afferents. Very quick change in muscle length

Static: elicited by continuous static receptor signals AFTER a dynamic stretch reflex via primary and secondary afferents. Causes muscle tone

32
Q

Steps in the inverse stretch reflex (inverse myotonic or golgi tendon reflex)

A
  • activation of golgi tendon bodies sends info via 1b afferents to inhibitory interneuron
  • interneuron inhibits alpha motor neruon of the muscle being stretched.
  • muscle stops contracting
  • prevents overstretching*
33
Q

Steps in the Flexion (withdrawal) reflex

A

Mediated by nociceptors to get away from a noxious stimulus

Steps
- noxious stimulus is applied to skin of deeper structures

  • stimulates free nerve endings and conveys info to spinal cord
  • spinal cord fibers synapse with 3-4 excitatory interneurons which stimulate multiple alpha motor neurons
  • alpha motor neurons contract ipsilateral flexors and relaxes ipsilateral extensors to pull away from noxious stimuli
34
Q

Crossed extension reflex steps

A

In conjunction with flexion reflex but on the contralateral side of the noxious stimuli.

Steps
- afferent nerve endings that carry noxious stimuli to spinal cord to elicit flexion also stimulate interneurons through anterior commissure.

  • commissure stimulates alpha motor neurons contralateral to the noxious stimuli and elicit relaxation of flexor muscles and stimulation of extensor muscles of contralateral side of noxious stimuli
35
Q

How do you elicit muscle Stretch and superficial reflexes?

A

Muscle stretch = hard external stimulus

Superficial = soft scraping of the skin or cornea

36
Q

Lamina 7

A
  • known as the intermediate zone*
  • contains nucleus dorsalis of Clarke (segments C8-T2 only though)
  • receives muscle and tendon afferents and allows communication between dorsal and ventral horns of segments.
  • origin of dorsal spinocerebellar tracts
  • includes intermediolateral cell column (lateral horn in T1-L2
  • Lateral portion contains preganglionic parasympathetic neurons and renshaw cells
37
Q

Lamina 8

A

Found in ventral horn

  • contains motor interneurons and coordinates lower motor neurons.
  • receives input from descending motor tracts.
38
Q

Lamina 9

A

Found in ventral horn

  • contains lower motor neuron columns
39
Q

Lamina 10

A

Central zone of gray matter

  • site of convergence for somatic and visceral afferents.
40
Q

What lamina control cutaneous sensation?

A

1-4

Musculoskeleton (36 decks)

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