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Anatomy II > Musculoskeletal Practical > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Practical Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles of the quadricep

A

Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis

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2
Q

Superficial Veins of the Lower Limbs

A

Saphenous Vein (great and small)

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3
Q

Fits like a non-stretchy compression stocking on your thigh. Assists in venous return

A

Fascia lata

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4
Q

The obturator nerve arises from the ______ plexus

A

Lumbar

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5
Q

The femoral nerve arises from the _______ plexus

A

Lumbar

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6
Q

The sciatic nerve arises from the ________ plexus

A

Lumboacral

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7
Q

All motor and almost all sensory below the knee is innervated by branches of the ________ nerve. A superficial nerve called the _________ nerve carries some sensory.

A

Sciatic

Saphenous

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8
Q

Nerve that supplies anterior compartment of the thigh. Derives from ___, ___, ___

A

Femoral nerve

L2, L3, L4

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9
Q

Nerve that supplies posterior compartments of the thigh and lower leg. Derives from ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___.

A

Sciatic nerve

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4

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10
Q

The gluteals, sub-gluteals, and external genitalia are innervated by the ___________ plexus.

A

Lumbosacral

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11
Q

Nerve that includes fibers S2, S3, and S4

A

Pudendal nerve

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12
Q

The gluteals received blood supply from the ________________. They are from the ________ division of the ________________.

A

Superior and inferior gluteal arteries

Posterior division of the Internal Iliac artery

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13
Q

The perineum and external genitalia receive blood supply from the ___________. This is from the ___________ division of the ___________.

A

Internal Pudendal Artery

Anterior division of the internal iliac artery

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14
Q

The adductor muscles of the leg receive blood supply from the ___________. This is from the _________ division of the ___________.

A

Obturator Artery

Anterior division of the internal iliac artery

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15
Q

The external iliac artery becomes the _________ artery when it passes the _________ __________.

A

Femoral

Inguinal ligament

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16
Q

The femoral artery branches into ____________ and ____________.

A 
Deep femoral (adductors, hamstrings, quads)
Medial/lateral femoral circumflex (head and neck of femur)
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17
Q

The femoral artery becomes the _________ artery once it travels through the _______ ______, which splits into the __________ and the ___________.

A

Popliteal
Popliteal Fossa
Anterior Tibial
Posterior Tibial

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18
Q

The _________ artery branches directly off of the popliteal artery, and supplies the knee.

A

Geniculars

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19
Q

The _________ artery is a branch of internal iliac artery. It travels through the _________ foramen and gives blood supply to the _________ ______.

A

Obturator Artery
Obturator Foramen
Femoral Head

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20
Q

Necrosis of the femoral head due to absence of blood supply. Causes include trauma (especially femoral neck fx), radiation, steroid use, chemotherapy, alcohol abuse, etc.

A

Avascular necrosis

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21
Q

The great saphenous vein empties into the _________ vein, while the small saphenous vein empties into the _________ vein

A

Femoral vein

Popliteal vein

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22
Q

What makes up the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament
Sartorius
Adductor longus

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23
Q

The medial compartment in the thigh serves to _______ the leg

A

Adduct

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24
Q

The lateral compartment in the leg serves to ______ the foot

A

Evert

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25
Q

Innervation for the posterior lower leg

A

Tibial nerve

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26
Q

Innervation for the anterior lower leg

A

Deep fibular nerve

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27
Q

Innervation for the lateral leg

A

Superficial fibular nerve

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28
Q

Compartment of the lower leg responsible for dorsiflexion of the ankle, inversion of the foot, and extension of the toes

A

Anterior Compartment

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29
Q

What is contained in the anterior compartment?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus

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30
Q

Compartment of the lower leg responsible for plantar flexion and eversion of the foot

A

Lateral Compartment

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31
Q

What is contained in the lateral compartment?

A

Fibularis (peroneus) longus

Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

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32
Q

Compartment of the lower leg responsible for plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of the toes

A

Posterior Compartment

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33
Q

What is contained in the superficial posterior compartment?

A

Gastrocnemius (2 heads)
Soleus
Plantaris

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34
Q

What is contained in the deep posterior compartment?

A

Popliteus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior

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35
Q

The ______ nerve is a cutaneous sensory nerve of the lower leg and foot. It is formed from branches off the _________ and _________ nerves. It supplies sensory to the _____________ and _____________.

A

Sural
Tibial and Common fibular
Lateral lower leg and lateral foot

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36
Q

The _________ nerve supplies sensory to the lower leg from the femoral nerve

A

Saphenous

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37
Q

Synarthroses

A

Immovable joints

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38
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Slightly movable joints

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39
Q

Diarthroses

A

Freely movable joints

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40
Q

Bony connection made up of ligaments only

A

Syndesmoses

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41
Q

Epiphyseal plates and the joint between the first rib’s costal cartilage and manubrium of the sternum are examples of: __________

A

Synchondroses
“Junction of the cartilage”
Immovable

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42
Q

Intervertebral disc and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis are examples of: ___________

A

Symphyses
“Fibrocartilage unites the bones”
Slightly movable, provide strength and flexibility

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43
Q

Part of the synovial joint:

Spongy cushions absorb compression, protect ends of bones from being crushed

A

Articular cartilage

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44
Q

Part of the synovial joint:

Potential space, small amount of synovial fluid

A

Joint (Synovial) cavity

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45
Q

Part of the synovial joint: Fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue that’s continuous with periosteum

A

Outer layer of the Articular Capsule

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46
Q

Part of the synovial joint:
Synovial membrane of loose connective tissue (makes synovial fluid). Lines all internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage

A

Inner layer of the Articular Capsule

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47
Q

Part of the synovial joint:

Blood filtrate full of special glycoproteins. Nourishes cartilage and functions as a slippery lubricant.

A

Synovial fluid

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48
Q

Part of the synovial joint:
Most are capsular, or thickened part of capsule.
Some are extracapsular or intracapsular

A

Reinforcing ligaments

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49
Q

Means “crescent”

Made of fibrocartilage, found in joints with bone ends of different shapes

A

Meniscus

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50
Q

Flattened sac lined by synovial membrane, where ligaments, muscles, tendons, or bones overlie each over and rub together

A

Bursa

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51
Q

Found on tendons subjected to friction

A

Tendon sheaths

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52
Q

Treatment of bursitis

A

Steroid injection of bursa

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53
Q

Ligaments can stretch ___% beyond normal length before they tear

A

6%

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54
Q

The head of the femur is ________ than the lip of the acetabulum, _______ stability

A

Wider

Increasing

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55
Q

Three external ligaments “tether” in the head of the femur when standing:

A

Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral

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56
Q

The ACL runs from the anterior ____________ area of the tibia to the _________ ___________ of the femur

A

Intercondylar

Lateral condyle

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57
Q

The PCL runs from the posterior ____________ area of the tibia to the ________ _________ of the femur

A

Intercondylar

Medial condyle

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58
Q

The ankle bone is also known as the ______, and articulates with both the ______ and ________

A

Talus
Tibia
Fibula

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59
Q

The heel bone is also known as the _______. The ________ fits on top of it.

A

Calcaneus

Talus

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60
Q

Cluster of seven articulating bones in each foot

A

Tarsus

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61
Q

Bones of the tarsus

A
  1. Calcaneus
  2. Talus
  3. Cuboid
  4. Navicular
    5, 6, 7: Cuneiform bones
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62
Q

The talocrural joint is composed of:

A

Lateral malleolus
Medial malleolus
Talus

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63
Q

The subtalar joint is composed of the ________ and the __________, and allows _________ and _________ of the foot

A

Talus and calcaneus

Inversion and eversion

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64
Q

The ligament found on the medial aspect of the subtalar joint is the _______ ligament

A

Deltoid

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65
Q

The ligaments found on the lateral aspect of the subtalar joint are the __________, ___________, and __________.

A

Anterior talofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament

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66
Q

The midfoot is composed of the:

A
  1. Cuboid
  2. Navicular
    3, 4, 5: Cuneiforms
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67
Q

The three arches of the foot include the ___________, _____________, and the _____________

A

Internal (medial) longitudinal arch
External (lateral) longitudinal arch
Transverse (or anterior) arch

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68
Q

Very dense organized layer of deep fascia that runs down the middle of the sole. Helps to maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot.

A

Plantar Aponeurosis

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69
Q

Functions of the human skeletal system

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Reservoir for minerals/adipose tissue
Hematopoiesis
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70
Q

The scapulae sternum, ribs, and most bones of the skull are

A

Flat bones

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71
Q

The vertebrae, hip bones, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones are

A

Irregular bones

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72
Q

Bone cell:

Found in both the periosteum and the endosteum

A

Osteoblasts

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73
Q

Bone-building cells

A

Osteoblasts

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74
Q

Bone cells:

Synthesize and secrete collagen and other organic components of bone matrix

A

Osteoblasts

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75
Q

Bone cells:

Initiate the calcification process

A

Osteoblasts

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76
Q

Mature bone cells

A

Osteocytes

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77
Q

Former osteoblasts that have become trapped within the matrix they secreted

A

Osteocytes

78
Q

Bone cells: no longer secrete matrix, but are responsible for maintaining bone tissue

A

Osteocytes

79
Q

Huge cells created by fusion of up to 50 monocytes

A

Osteoclasts

80
Q

These bone cells digest bone matrix (bone resorption)

A

Osteoclasts

81
Q

These bone cells are concentrated in the endosteum

A

Osteoclasts

82
Q

On the side of the cell that faces the bone surface, the plasma membrane is deeply folded into a ruffled border. Secretes digestive enzymes which digest bone matrix

A

Osteoclasts

83
Q

Pumps out hydrogen ions to create an acidic environment that eats away at the matrix

A

Osteoclasts

84
Q

Bone matrix consists of 1/3 _________ and 2/3 ___________ components

A

1/3 organic

2/3 inorganic

85
Q

Main protein of the organic component of bone

A

Collagen

86
Q

The two salts that make up the inorganic component of bone

A

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

Interact to form hydroxyapatite

87
Q

The shaft of a long bone is referred to as the:

A

Diaphysis

88
Q

Thick collar of compact bone surrounding a central marrow cavity

A

Diaphysis

89
Q

In adults, the marrow cavity of bone contains __________, compared to kids ____________

A

Fat (yellow bone marrow)

Red bone marrow

90
Q

Expanded ends of a long bone are referred to as the:

A

Epiphyses

91
Q

Thin layer of compact bone covering an interior of spongy bone. Joint surface is covered with articular cartilage

A

Epiphyses

92
Q

Double-layered membrane covering the external surface of the bone (except for joint surfaces)

A

Periosteum

Richly supplied with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels

93
Q

Delicate connective tissue membrane that covers internal bone surfaces (the marrow surfaces)

A

Endosteum

94
Q

Covers the trabeculae of spongy bone in the marrow cavities

A

Endosteum

95
Q

Lines the canals that pass through compact bone

A

Endosteum

96
Q

Contains both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

Endosteum

97
Q

Soft tissue occupying the medullary cavity of a long bone, the spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone, and the larger haversian canals

A

Bone marrow

98
Q

Looks like blood but with a thicker consistency. Consists of a delicate mesh of reticular tissue saturated with immature RBCs and scattered adipocytes

A

Red bone marrow

99
Q

Hematopoietic tissue

A

Red bone marrow

100
Q

Hematopoietically inactive

A

Yellow marrow

101
Q

No longer produces blood, although in the event of severe or chronic anemia, can transform back into red marrow

A

Yellow marrow

102
Q

In adults, red marrow is limited to the ___________, ____________, __________, and proximal heads of the ______ and ________

A

Axial skeleton
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Humerus and femur

103
Q

Consists of multiple cylindrical structure units known as osteons or haversian systems

A

Compact bone

104
Q

Function like weight-bearing pillars that are arranged parallel to one another along the long axis of a long bone

A

Haversian systems (osteon)

105
Q

Haversian systems consist of a central canal, known as a ___________, surrounded by concentric layers of calcified _____________

A

Haversian canal

Bone matrix

106
Q

What passes through the haversian canal?

A

Veins, arteries, nerves, lymphatics

107
Q

Concentric “tubes” that surround a haversian canal are known as ________

A

Lamellae

108
Q

Collagen fibers in neighboring lamellae run in _________ directions, helping bone to better withstand _________ forces

A

Opposite

Twisting

109
Q

Run perpendicular to the haversian canals, bringing in blood and nerve supply from the _________ to the haversian canals and on to the marrow (medullary) cavity

A

Volkmann’s Canals

Periosteum

110
Q

Lying in between intact osteons are incomplete lamellae called ________ _________. These fill the gaps between ________ or are remnants of bone remodeling.

A

Interstitial lamellae

Osteons

111
Q

Spider-shaped ________ occupy small cavities known as ________ at the junctions of the lamellae.

A

Osteocytes

Lacunae

112
Q

________ connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal

A

Canaliculi

113
Q

________ allow the osteocytes to exchange nutrients, wastes, and chemical signals to each other via ______ _______

A

Canaliculi

Gap junctions

114
Q

Trabeculae contain irregularly arranged ________ and osteocytes interconnected by _________

A

Lamellae

Canaliculi

115
Q

How does spongy bone get its blood supply?

A

From the surrounding marrow (if red)

From Volkmann’s channel (if yellow)

116
Q

Before week 8, the human embryonic skeleton is made of ________ ________ and __________

A

Fibrous membranes

Cartilage

117
Q

After week 8, these membranes and cartilage begin to be replaced by ______

A

bone

118
Q

The development of bone from a fibrous membrane

A

Intramembranous ossification

119
Q

The replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone

A

Endochondral ossification

120
Q

This type of ossification takes place in the bones of the skull cap, facial bones, clavicles, pelvis, scapulae, and part of the mandible

A

Intramembranous ossification

121
Q

Prior to intramembranous ossification, structures exist as fibrous embryonic membranes called ________

A

Mesenchyme

122
Q

Intramembranous Ossification Step 1: _________ cells first cluster together and start to secrete the _________ components of bone matrix. These components become mineralized through crystallization of calcium salts. As calcification occurs, the mesenchymal cells differentiate into _________.

A

Mesenchymal
Organic
Osteoblasts

123
Q

Intramembranous Ossification Step 2: Some ________ become trapped within bony pockets and differentiate into _________.

A

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

124
Q

Intramembranous Ossification Step 3: Developing bone grows outward from the ossification center in ________. Blood vessels trapped among the ______ branch into the area. _______ forms.

A

Spicules
Spicules
Periosteum

125
Q

Intramembranous Ossification Step 4: ________ _______ forms around the spicules of growth and _____ _______ populates the spongy areas

A

Compact bone

Red marrow

126
Q

Endochondral Ossification: Begins with formation of a ________ _______ model which will later be replaced by bone.

A

Hyaline cartilage

127
Q

Most bones in the body develop via this model

A

Endochondral ossification

128
Q

Endochondral ossification: large ________ grow, creating big spaces in the middle of the bone. When they die, the large spaces remain. The spaces create a path for ______ ________ to grow in, bringing _______ which create ossification centers.

A

Chondrocytes
Blood vessels
Osteoblasts

129
Q

Endochondral Ossification: Secondary ossification centers are created within each epiphysis, where a cartilaginous area remains to become the ________ _________ _________

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

130
Q

_________ beneath the _________ secrete bone matrix on the external surface of the bone, making the bone _________. Simultaneously, _________ on the _________ break down bone and widen the medullary cavity

A 
Osteoblasts
Periosteum
thicker
Osteoclasts
Endosteum
131
Q

At puberty, osteoblasts begin producing bone faster than the rate of _________ _________ __________. Thus the bone grows while the _______ _______ gets narrower and narrower and ultimately disappears.

A

Epiphyseal cartilage expansion

Epiphyseal plate

132
Q

Fracture Repair Step 1: Immediately after the fracture, _______ _______ occurs. Over several hours, a large ________ _________ develops. Because of the vascular interruption, bone cells are deprived of nutrients and _____. The site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed.

A

Extensive bleeding
Fracture hematoma
Die

133
Q

Fracture Repair Step 2: Hematoma is infiltrated by capillaries and __________, which gradually clean up the debris and form fibroblastic ________ ________. Fibroblasts produce ______ _______ that span the break; others differentiate into ___________ and begin secreting cartilage matrix.
Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone within the fibrous mass. The entire structure is known as a ________ ______ which splints the broken bone

A 
Macrophage
Granulation tissue
Collagen fibers
Chondroblasts
Fibrocartilaginous callus
134
Q

Fracture Repair Step 3: Bone trabeculae increase, converting the callus into a ____ ______ of spongy bone. Typically takes about ________ weeks for this to occur.

A

Bony callus

6-8 weeks

135
Q

Fracture Repair Step 4:
During the next several months, the bony callus continuously remodels. __________ slowly dismantle the temporary supportive structures, while __________ rebuild the compact bone so that it returns to its original shape.

A

Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts

136
Q

Most common cause of avascular necrosis of the hip

A

Femoral neck fracture

Closely followed by intertrochanteric

137
Q

What vessel is typically destroyed in avascular necrosis of the hip?

A

Medial femoral circumflex supply

138
Q

Which vessel supplies the scaphoid bone?

A

Radial artery

139
Q

Bone will grow or remodel in response to the forces or demands placed upon it

A

Wolff’s Law

140
Q

Normal bone growth/maintenance cannot occur without sufficient dietary intake of _______ and ______ _____

A

Calcium

Phosphate salts

141
Q

Vitamins D, C, A, K, and B12 are all necessary for:

A

Bone growth

142
Q

Hormonal Effects on bone: ______ ________ and ________ stimulate bone growth

A

Growth hormone

Thyroxine

143
Q

At puberty, rising levels of ____ ________ cause osteoblasts to produce bone faster than the epiphyseal cartilage can divide. This causes the characteristic _____ _______

A

Sex hormones

Growth spurt

144
Q

Estrogen acts to stimulate _________ activity and inhibit ______ activity

A

Osteoblast

Osteoclast

145
Q

Notable for short adult stature

A

Precocious Puberty

146
Q

Insulin stimulates _____ _______, while glucocorticoids stimulate __________ activity

A

Bone formation

Osteoclast

147
Q

________ acts to “tone down” blood calcium levels by decreasing _________ activity and stimulating ______ activity

A

Calcitonin
Osteoclast
Osteoblast

148
Q

___________ ________ causes blood calcium to increase by decreasing ________ activity and increasing ________ activity

A

Parathyroid hormone
Osteoblast
Osteoclast

149
Q

Term that encompasses many disorders in which osteoid (organic portion of bone) is produced but inadequately mineralized.

A

Osteomalacia

150
Q

Children’s form of osteomalacia. More detrimental. Signs include bowed legs, deformities of the pelvis, ribs, and skull

A

Rickets

151
Q

________ rheumatic disease is usually self-limited and is often initiated by an outside force

A

Acute

152
Q

A key step in starting a rheumatoid response is activation of regional blood vessel endothelium by _____________ _________

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

153
Q

When complement is activated, it activates even more complement and attracts more inflammatory cells to the site. It also increases _______ _________, which increases inflammation at the site

A

Snowball effect of complement

Capillary permeability

154
Q

Activate macrophage cells, which increases phagocytosis

A

Helper T1 cells

155
Q

Primarily activate B cells, which increases antibody production

A

Helper T2 cells

156
Q

Helper T-17 cells

A

Primarily activate granulocytes and autoimmune mechanisms

157
Q

Increased risk with metabolic syndrome, high-purine diet, obesity, renal and heart disease

A

Gout

158
Q

A microtubule poison

A

Colchicine

159
Q

Chronic rheumatoid arthritis includes ________ formation. This is a membrane of granulation tissue made of mesenchyme and bone marrow-derived cells.

A

Pannus

160
Q

Antibodies in RA

A

Rheumatoid factor

Anti-CCP

161
Q

Sicca syndrome

A

Destruction of glands that produce tears and saliva

Manifestation of RA

162
Q

Inhibitor of Dihydrofolate Reductase - inhibits creation of new DNA

A

Methotrexate

163
Q

Osteoarthritis is related to loss of certain proteins of the cartilage called _________

A

Proteoglycans

164
Q

Life-threatening interstitial inflammation which can lead to pulmonary fibrosis and intra-alveolar hemorrhage. Associated with SLE

A

Serositis

165
Q

Common tx for SLE

A

NSAIDs, hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids

166
Q

Muscles that insert on the scapula (move the scapula)

A

Rhomboids
Trapezius
Pectoralis Minor
Levator Scapulae

167
Q

Muscles that originate on the scapula (move the arm)

A 
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Latissimus Dorsi
Coracobrachialis
168
Q

Innervation for the biceps

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

169
Q

Innervation for the deltoid

A

Axillary nerve

170
Q

Subscapularis action

A

Internal rotation

171
Q

Infraspinatus action

A

External rotation

172
Q

Teres minor action

A

External rotation

173
Q

Supraspinatus action

A

Abduction

174
Q

The subclavian artery officially becomes the _________ artery when it travels over the ______ _____

A

Axillary

First rib

175
Q

The axillary artery officially becomes the ______ artery when it travels past the _______ ________

A

Brachial

Teres minor

176
Q

Branches of the Axillary Artery

A

Sixties Teens Liked Sex and Pot

Superior Thoracic Artery
Thoracoacromial Artery
Lateral Thoracic Artery
Subscapular Artery
Anterior Circumflex Humeral Artery
Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery
177
Q

Anterior surface of the elbow

A

Cubital Fossa

178
Q

Contents of the cubital fossa

A

Medial cubital vein
Brachial Artery
Median nerve

179
Q

Musculocutaneous Nerve Motor Function

A

Flexors in the upper arm

180
Q

Axillary Nerve Motor Function

A

Shoulder movements (abductors)

181
Q

Radial Nerve Motor Function

A

Extensors (triceps)

182
Q

Median Nerve Motor Function

A

Flexors of the forearm

183
Q

Ulnar Nerve Motor Function

A

Intrinsic muscles of the hand

184
Q

Most common brachial plexus injuries

A

Traction injuries

185
Q

Erb’s Palsies

A

Injury at C5, C6

186
Q

Klumpke’s Palsies

A

Injury at C8, T1

Results in a claw hand

187
Q

Flexors of the Upper Arm and nerve innervation

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Musculocutaneous nerve

188
Q

Extensors of the Upper Arm

A

Triceps brachii

Radial nerve

189
Q

Only nerve traveling in the posterior compartment

A

Radial Nerve

190
Q

Posterior Compartment Muscles of the Forearm

A

Brachioradialis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialis longus

191
Q

Anterior Compartment Muscles of the Forearm

A

Brachioradialis
Pronator Teres
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

192
Q

Some Leaders Take Positions That They Can’t Handle

A
  1. Scaphoid
  2. Lunate
  3. Triquetral
  4. Pisiform
  5. Trapezium
  6. Trapezoid
  7. Capitate
  8. Hamate

Anatomy II (4 decks)

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