Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

5246 Disease and Wellness I > Musculoskeletal Pathology > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoblasts?

A
  1. Osteoblasts: Produce Osteoid (bone)
  2. Osteocyte: Osteoblast within lacuna in bone
  3. Osteoclast: Resorbe bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do RANKL, Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor, and OPG play a role in bone turnover?

A

Osteoblast produces M-CSF and contains RANK Ligand. these convert macrophages to Osteoclasts. OPG binds to RANKL to prevent Osteoclast formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta? Caused by? What does it cause? What kind of bone lesion is it?

A

Brittle Bone Disease

  • Mutation in collagen type I
  • Causes Dentinogenesis imperfecta, blue sclera.
  • Congenital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Achondroplasia? Caused by? Causes? Bone lesion type?

A

Common form of dwarfism,

  • FGFR3 mutation
  • Causes inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation and normal epiphyseal plate growth.
  • Congenital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Osteopetrosis? Caused by? Causes? Bone lesion type?

A

Bone that is like stone disorder. Albers-Schonberg disease.

  • Reduced Osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
  • Causes abnormally dense, yet brittle bones.
  • Congenital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Fibrous Dysplasia? Bone lesion type? 3 types?

A

Replacement of bone with fibrous CT.

  • Congenital
    1. Monostotic: affects one bone
    2. Polyostsotic: affects more than one bone, and cafe au lait or pigmentation on skin.
    3. Polystotic and precocious puberty.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Osteoporosis? Primary vs secondary? Causes? Bone lesion Type?

A

Loss of bone (bone is normal, but less of it).
1. Primary= caused by aging, diet, activity
2. Secondary= Disease causing it.
Causes=Menopause, Aging, Nutrition, Decreased activity, Endocrine.

Acquired bone disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Paget disease? Caused by? can cause? lesion type?

A

Random Excess bone formation.

  • Repetitive episodes of osteoclast activity, followed by over active osteoblasts.
  • Can cause osterosarcoma, heart disease, deafness/blindness.
  • Acquired
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is rickets-Osteomalacia? Caused by? Causes? Lesion type?

A

Soft bones: Rickets=children, Osteo=adults

  • Result of Vitamin D deficiency
  • Causes inadequate mineralization of bone.
  • Acquired
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the inhibitors of parathyroid hormone?

A

Plasma Calcium Concentration an active vitamin D.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 4 ways Parathyroid hormone increases plasma Ca concentration?

A
  1. Causes kidneys to increase Ca absorption
  2. Causes osteoclasts to break down bone and release Ca.
  3. Stimulates kidney to activate Vit D, which tells gut to absorb more Ca.
  4. Causes Kidney to flush out phosphate (which bonds to Ca).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Hyperparathyroidism? Caused by? Primary and Secondary? Causes what to teeth? Lesion type?

A

Too much PT hormone.

  • Primary=Excess secretion of PTH from gland
  • Secondary=Increase in PTH from a disease that causes hypocalcemia.
  • Causes loss of Lamina Dura in teeth.
  • Aquired
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Scurvy? Caused by? Causes? Lesion Type?

A

Too little Vitamin C.

  • Leads to impaired osteoid matrix formation
  • Causes bleeding bums, subperioisteal hemorrhage, Osteoporosis.
  • Acquired.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Langherhans’ cell histiocytosis? 3 types? Lesion Type?

A

Histiocyte-like Langerhans cells that cause bone lesions.

  1. Letterer-siwe disease
  2. Hand-Schuller-Christian
  3. Eosinophilic Granuloma of bone
    - Acquired
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Letterer-Siwe Disease? Causes?

A

Langherhans cell histiocytosis. Acute, disseminated, fatal in infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Hand-Schuller-Christian disease? Causes?

A

Langherhans cell histiocytosis. Chronic, disseminated with bone lesions (Skull, mandible, vertebrae, ribs), Exophthalmos, Diabetes insipidus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Eosinophilic Granuloma of Bone? Causes?

A

Langherhans cell histiocytosis. Localized, contains Birbeck granules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Osteonecrosis? Caused by?

A

Bone death. Caused by Ischemia from Trauma, bone infarction, corticosteroids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Bisphophonate-associated Osteonecrosis? Caused by?

A

Osteonecrosis in a patient with history of Bisphosonate use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Osteomyelitis? Pyogenic and Tuberculous?

A

Inflammation of bone and marrow.

  1. Pyogenic=Bacterial infection, most common S Aureus.
  2. Tuberculous=Mycobacterial infection, following TB infection spread by blood. Long bones and vertebrae are favored sites. Causes Pott disease.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Osteomas, Osteoid Osteoma, and Osteoblastomas? Location, age, and physical features?

A

Benign Bone-forming tumors.

  1. Osteomas=Face, skull. 40-50 yrs. similar to normal bone.
  2. Osteoid= Metaphysis femur, tibia. 10-20 yrs. Woven bone.
  3. Osteoblastoma=Vertebral column. 10-20yrs, similar to Osteoid.
22
Q

What are Osteosarcomas? Primary and Secondary? Feature of both?

A

Malignant bone-forming tumors.
Primary=Metaphysis of distal femur, Sunburst pattern.
Secondary=Femur, humerus, pelvis.

Codman Triangle is a feature of both.

23
Q

What are Osteochondroma and Echondromas? locations and ages?

A

Benign cartilage forming bone tumors.

  1. Osteochondroma=Metaphysis of Long bones. 10-30 yr
  2. Echond=Small bones of hands and feel. 30-50yrs
24
Q

What is Chondrosarcoma? Locations?

A

Malignant cartilage forming bone tumor.

Femur, humerus, pelvis.

25
Q

What are Giant Cell Tumor of bone? Where is it found. Microscope view?

A

Bone tumor.
Epiphysis of long bones, with cortical lesions.
Large macrophage cells present.

26
Q

What is Ewing Sarcoma? Found? Microscope view?

A

bone Tumor.
Diaphysis of long bones.
Small undifferentiated round cells.

27
Q

What is Osteoarhritis? Fundamental feature?

A

It is a degenerative joint disease, most common joint disorder. Common in older people.
Fundamental feature is degeneration of articular cartilage.

28
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis? Causes? 5 Steps?

A
  • Systemic, chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease.
  • Destruction of articular cartilage and underlying bone
    1. Healthy
    2. Synovitis
    3. Pannus Formation
    4. Fibrous Ankylosis
    5. Bony Ankylosis.
29
Q

What is Atlanto-axial dislocation? Cuased by?

A

Instability at joint between C1-C2. Caused by Rheumatoid Arthritis.

30
Q

What is Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies? Causes?

A

Once considered a type of RA.

changes that originate in Ligamentous attachment, not synovium.

31
Q

What is Gout? 5 Steps?

A

Uric acid crystal accrual in tissue.

  1. Precipitation of urate crystals
  2. Complement activation
  3. Phagocytosis of crystals
  4. Lysis and activation of neutrophils
  5. Released of cystals
  6. Release of lysosomal enzymes.
32
Q

What is Primary and Secondary gout?

A

Primary=Hyperuricemia in absence of other diseases.

Secondary=knonw cause by disease like renal disease, or leukemia.

33
Q

What is Pseudogout?

A

Calcium Pyrophosphate crystal deposition in tissue.

34
Q

What is are the suppurative arthritis and lyme arhtritis?

A

Infectious arthritis by microorganisms in joints.

  1. Suppurative: Haemophilis influenza, S. aureus, N. Gonorrhea. Pus fluid.
  2. Lyme: caused by borrelia burgdorferi passed by tick.
35
Q

What is a ganglion? Synovial cyst?

A
  1. Ganglion= small tendon cyst often near wrist “bible therapy”.
  2. Synovial cyst=Herniation of synovium through a joint capsule
36
Q

What is a lipoma?

A

Benign tumors of fat.

37
Q

What is liposarcoma?

A

Malignant neoplasms with adipocyte differentiation.

38
Q

What is a nodular Fasciitis, Fibromatosis, and Fibrosarcoma?

A

Fibrous tumors.

  1. Nodular=Self-limited fibroblastic proliferation. Forearm, chest, back.
  2. Fibromastosis=Benign lesion, superfical or deep fascia.
  3. Fibrosarcoma= malignant fibroblasts in deep tissue of thigh, knee, and retroperitoneal area.
39
Q

What is a Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma?

A

a “dermatofibroma, or common benign mobile nodules in dermis.

40
Q

What is a Pleomorphic Fibroblastic Sarcoma?

A

Large, gray white masses often in extremities that display a swirling cell pattern.

41
Q

What is a Rhabdomyoma? Rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

Skeletal muscle tumor, commonly in the tongue or heart.

Sarcoma is the malignant form in head and neck or UT.

42
Q

What is a Leiomyoma? Leiomyosarcoma?

A

myoma=smooth muscle tumor, most common in uterous

sarcoma=aggresive smooth muscle tumor with Cigar-shaped nuclei.

43
Q

What are the two types of Synovial tumors? Cells involved?

A
  1. Biphasic= Epithelial type cells, spindle cells, glandlike histology
  2. Monophasic=Spindle cells only.
44
Q

What are inherited Dystrophies?

A

Progressive early onset Skeletal muscle disorder. x-linked with loss of mutation in Dystrophin gene.

45
Q

What is Duchenne muscular Dystrophy? Becker?

A
  1. Duchenne=Wheelchair bound by teens, lethal by adulthood.
  2. Becker=Slower progression, partial dytrophin function. Normal lifespan.
46
Q

What is Myotonic Dystrophy? Manifistation?

A

X linked mutation for dystrophia myotinica protein kinase. Sustained muscle contractions, gait abnormalities, atrophy of facial muscles.

47
Q

What are inherited myopathies?

A

perinatal or early childhood skeletal muscle disease with static effects.

48
Q

What is mitochondrial myophathy? Manifestation, cellular appearance?

A
  • Maternal inheritance.
  • Proximal muscle weakness, ocular impairment.
  • Ragged Red Fibers
49
Q

What is Polymyositis?

A

Inflammatory myopathy autoimmune disorder, with myofiber necrosis and regeneration.

50
Q

What is Dermatomyositis?

A

Inflammatory myopathy autoimmune disease with rash and muscle weakness.

51
Q

What is Inclusion body myositis? Known as?

A

Inflammatory myophathy, with protein aggregates in muscle. “Alzheimer of the muscle”.

52
Q

What is Myasthenia gravis? Caused by? Manifestations?

A
  • Autoimmune disease where antibodies are produced against ACh receptors at neuromuscular junction.
  • Muscle weakness, patient can die from respiratory failure.

5246 Disease and Wellness I (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions