Musculoskeletal pain Part 2

Question 1

What are protective factors

Answer 1

Protective factors: factors which enhance coping and resilience and

decrease the likelihood that stress will have a negative outcome

Question 2

What is the biopsychosocial approach to health and illness

Answer 2

Not only looks at biological aspects but also psychologically and socially
The interrelationship among biological changes, psychological impact and sociocultural context all need to be considered to understand the perception and response to pain

Question 3

What is allodynia?

Answer 3

when an individual experiences non-painful stimuli as painful

Question 4

What is hyperalgesia?

Answer 4

when an individual experiences painful stimuli as much more painful than it really is

Question 5

central pain sensitization

Answer 5

more sensitive to senses

Question 6

How is chronic pain related to stress

Answer 6

Chronic pain can be stressful physically and emotionally

can further amplify the experience of pain

Question 7

Process of stress chronic pain to pain?

Answer 7

the activation of the HPA axis and the cortisol secretion within the endocrine system
pain activates the HPA axis and causes increased cortisol in the body.
cortisol causes increased inflammation and this leads to more pain

Question 8

What can increase in cortisol do?

Answer 8

predispose insulin resistance that can lead to type two diabetes, obesity, chronic high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease
causes increased inflammation and this leads to more pain

Question 9

what does the coping decided depend on?

Answer 9

The coping strategies we employ can vary based on a perception of the situation and our personality

Question 10

How is coping measured

Answer 10

Using COPE inventory questionnaire

Question 11

How is coping broken down by the COPE inventory questionnaire

Answer 11

Problem focused coping
Emotional focused coping
Less useful/ disengagement

Question 12

What are examples of Problem focused coping 5

Answer 12

Active coping
Planning
Suppression of competing activities
Restraint coping
Seeking of instrumental support

Question 13

What are examples of Emotional focused coping 5

Answer 13

Positive re-interpretation
Acceptance
Denial
Turning to religion
Seeking to support emotional support

Question 14

What are examples of Less useful/ disengagement

Answer 14

Focus on + venting of emotions
Behavioural disengagement
Mental disengagement

Question 15

What are the main types of coping?

Answer 15

Adaptive coping

Maladaptive

Question 16

What are examples of adaptive coping

Answer 16

training can enhance procedural memory
Exercise
Sleep
Proper nutrition

Question 17

What can restricted sleep cause about pain?

Answer 17

restricting sleep causes increased sensitivity to pain responses and can cause increased inflammatory responses to them in the body

Question 18

What are examples of maladaptive coping 9

Answer 18

Blurring of boundaries
Avoidance/withdrawal
Negative attitude
Anger outbursts
Alcohol/Drugs
Hopelessness
Negative self-talk
Resentment
Violence

Question 19

What id the fear-avoidance model of pain?

Answer 19

Onedrive-Personal > uni> brainscape cards > Capture 3

Question 20

What can help avoid pain cycles?

Answer 20

Psychological interventions

Question 21

What are some examples of psychological interventions

Answer 21

Relaxation: essential component of most forms of therapy for pain
Hypnosis
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
Graded exposure in Vivo for pain-related fear