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Musculoskeletal case > Bone biology > Flashcards

Bone biology Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in the human body?

A

206

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2
Q

Types of bones in the body 5

A 
Long 
Short
Irregular
Flat
Sesamoid
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3
Q

Describe long bones

A

Shaft with two enlarged ends to form joints

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4
Q

Describe flat bones

A

Two flat surfaces and trabecular bone in middle

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5
Q

Examples of long bones(2)

A

Femur

Humerus

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6
Q

Example of flat bones(2)

A

Clavicle

Sternum

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7
Q

Describe short bones

A

Three equal dimensions

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8
Q

Example of short bones(2)

A

Bones in wrist

Bones in the ankle

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9
Q

Describe irregular bones

A

Highly irregular in shape.

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10
Q

Example of irregualr bones

A

Vertebrae

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11
Q

Describe sesamoid bones

A

Very small like a sesame seed

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12
Q

Where do you find sesamoid bones

A

In places where there is tension and friction

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13
Q

Examples of sesamoid bones

A

Patella in the kneecap

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14
Q

What is the bone matrix made up of? What are they made up of?

A

Balance of inorganic and organic bone
Organic- collagen and proteoglycans and osteocalcin, growth factors, cytokines, sialoprotein

Inorganic- mineral made up of hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate

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15
Q

What does collagen do to bone

A

The more collagen the more flexible

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16
Q

What does mineral do to bone

A

The more mineral the more brittle compressive

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17
Q

What disease affects bone and how? 4

A

Rickets in children- lack of minerals makes them unable to support load properly
Osteomalacia -too much organic matrix
Osteogenesis imperfecta, commonly known as brittle bone disease- not sufficient amount of organic matrix and not enough collagen
Marble disease- lack of reabdorption of bone

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18
Q

What are the classification of bone cells 5

A 
Osteochondral Progenitor Cells
Osteoblasts 
Osteocytes 
Osteoclasts 
Bone-Lining Cells
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19
Q

What are Osteochondral Progenitor Cells

A

They are undifferentiated stem cells which can differentiate into any of the other cell types

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20
Q

What are Osteoblasts

A

They are the main bone forming cells that lay down osteoids that are mineralised in the bone

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21
Q

What are Osteocytes? Function?

A

mature osteoblast bone cells in lacunae. They maintain the bone in a healthy condition by releasing enzymes. They also regulate chemicals such as calcium

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22
Q

What are Osteoclasts

A

Main bone resorbing (remove) cells

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23
Q

What is the function of Bone-Lining Cells

A

regulate movement of Ca2+ and PO4- ions

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24
Q

What happens to osteoblasts after they have done their role?

A

They either die or become osteocytes or bone lining cells

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25
Q

Types of bone

A

Cortical/Compact

Cancellous/ Trabeular

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26
Q

How is cortical bone formed?

A

Haversian systems- osteon

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27
Q

How is cancellous bone formed?

A

Trabeculae connect together to form trabecular with cavities

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28
Q

What do Haversian system contain?

A
  • https://training.seer.cancer.gov/images/anatomy/skeletal/bone_tissue.jpg
    Haversian system:
    Haversian canal- central canal
    Concentric Lamellae- Concentric layer of bone matrix
    Interstitial lamellae-bone matrix between osteons
    Circumferential lamellae- bone matrix round the surface
    Volkmanns channel- This is where blood vessels travel across to other osteons
    -Periosteum- Periosto (highly vascularised- these blood vessels connect with volkmans canal)membrane surrounding bone
    -Osteocytes that sit in a space of fine bone matrix
    -Canniculi- passage through hard bone so osteocyte recieve nutrition
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29
Q

What is the cancellous bone made of?

A

Plates/ bars form the cavities which are filled with red bone marrow
On the surface Osteoblasts, osteoclasts(look bigger because of the multuple nuclei) osteocytes in the middle of lamellae
Canniculus- Passage through lamellae (bone matrix) to cavities where there is red bone marrow to recieve nutrients.

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30
Q

What is also known as bone development?

A

Ossification

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31
Q

What is ossification?

A

bone development

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32
Q

What are the two types of ossification

A

Intramembranous

Endochondral

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33
Q

What is osteogenesis?

A

Bone development

34
Q

Process of intramembranous ossification ?

A

Bone condenses to form a connective tissue membrane. The cells in here then transform into osteoblasts which lay down bone. From a cartilage template which forms a shape of what the bone will make. Cartildage plate is ossified slowly into bone

35
Q

What bones are made by intramembranous ossification

A

Flat bones in the body: skull bone, sternum, clavicle

36
Q

When does endochondral ossification take place?

A

Teens to early 20s

37
Q

What bone is made by endochondral ossification

A

All bones other than flat bones

38
Q

Why type of growth makes bone grow wider

A

Appositional growth

39
Q

Why type of growth makes bone grow longer

A

Endochondral growth

40
Q

What type of growth can bone not do?

A

Interstitial growth

41
Q

What two ways do bone grow?

A

Endochondral

Appositional

42
Q

Describe the appositional growth

A

Osteoblasts in periosteum secrete matrix become trapped as osteocytes
Osteoclasts increase diameter of medullary cavity

Increases diameter of bones until skeletal maturity

43
Q

Describe the Endochondral growth

A

Requires interstitial growth from cartilage first

    Occurs at epiphysial growth plates- this is where the cartiladge plate would be

    Stops when growth plates ossify
44
Q

What is woven bone?

A

Newly laid down bone

45
Q

What is refered to as newly laid down bone?

A

Woven bone

46
Q

What is the collagen like in woven bone?

A

Randomly placed

47
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A

This is where osteoblasts lay down bone and osteoclasts resorb (remove) bone and in its place is lamellar(ordered) bone

48
Q

What is lamellar bone

A

Ordered bone

49
Q

What happens to bone over time?

A

Bone shape changes in response to changing responses

50
Q

Factors influencing bone growth and remodelling 6

A 
Mechanical Factors
Genes
Hormones
Aging
Diseases
Diet (not to the same extent)
51
Q

What does Wolfs law state?

A

Bone can adapt to peak strain to normalise deformation

52
Q

How does stress affect osteoblast activity?

A

More stress increases osteoblast activity which increases bone whereas less stress decreases osteoblast activity which means less bone

53
Q

What happens to bone for people who excersie regularly?

A

They have helathy bones, as more stress increase bone density making their bones strong

54
Q

What happens to bone for people who

don’t excersie regularly?

A

Dont put enough stress on skeloton so leads to mchanically poor bone

55
Q

What happens to people who cant walk for a long time?

A

They will lose bone density
Bones will be extremly weak/ flexible so unable to support weight. Treatment and physical therapy restore bone density until they have a higher bone strength/density

56
Q

How do genes affect bone?

A

They determine the size and shape of bone.
Not one gene determines it, height and bone mass is multifactoral
Influence growth hormone release
Influence hormone receptors on bone cells
Ability to absorb nutrients (calcium) from gut
Genetic disorders influence bone growth e.g dwarfism this is the gene growth factor receptor 3 is defective, it’s needed for providing transformation of the chondroblast in the growth plate, with this defect they don’t proliferate properly and they end up with abnormally normally short limbs

57
Q

How does hormones affect bone growth?

A

Growth, sex and thyroid hormones influence cell differentiation and metabolism
Overactivity of pituitary gland which causes excess growth hormone making them extremely tall but can lead to organ failure

58
Q

How does ageing affect bones?

A
  • Osteoblast matrix production slows in comparison to osteoclast matrix resorption.
  • Decreased collagen deposition results in more brittle bone (less flexible strength)
  • bone mass peaks at 25-30 yrs then falls
59
Q

What risk factors that cause osteoporosis?

A
  • bone mass is reduced particularly in women
    after menopause ( less oestrogen production)
    Other factors affecting oestrogen levels
60
Q

What factors reduce osetrogen levels? 4

A

removal of ovaries
extreme exercise
anorexia nervosa
smoking

61
Q

What is mostly affected by oesteoporosis?

A

-cancellous bone is most affected as it is severely weakened if as connections between trabecullae are lost

62
Q

What are types of cartiladge?

A

Fibrocartiladge
Elastic
Hyaline

63
Q

What two ways do cartiladge grow?

A

Interstitial

Appositional

64
Q

What is the outer area of hyaline cartiladge called? What kind of layer is it? What are they made of?

A

Perichondrium- Double layer
Outer layer- denser irregular connective tissue woth fibroblasts
Innerlayer- Fewer fibres wth chondroblasts

65
Q

Where do you find chondroblasts?

A

In the inner layer of Perichondrium

66
Q

What is Interstitial growth in cartildge?

A

Where chondrocytes cells divide by mitosis and cartilage matrix from inside

67
Q

What is appositional growth in cartildge and where?

A

Cells in the innerlay divide and produce cartiladge-

Chrondroblasts divide and make the tissue

68
Q

What is articular cartiladge

A

Type of hyaline cartiladge

69
Q

Where do you find articular cartiladge

A

On articular surfaces of bones

70
Q

What makes articular cartiladge different from hyaline

A

Nor perichondrium

71
Q

How do articular cartiladge grow

A

Similiar to groeth plate
Column of cells form from mitosis, these gradually calcify and become bone.
Type 2 Collagen fibrils anchor proteoglycan to bone
Growth stopos at similiar time but never ossifies like growth plate

72
Q

What is the structure and for that its Function of Articular Cartilage 4

A

Smooth- reduces friction so reduces heat so less protrein damage
Low wear surface

Deformable and elastic, Distributes load evenly-Increases surface area, reduces force (peak contact stress)
Creep also increase surface area during sustained loading
Has high stiffness to compression & resilience

73
Q

How do you describe adult articulate cartiladge

A

Hypocellular
Aneural
Avascular

74
Q

Cartiladge metabolism and how it is maintained?

A

Balance between Matrix synthesis and matrix degredation

Maintained by group of cytokines and growth factors

75
Q

Factors influencing cartilage metabolism

A

Mechanical factors
Injury
Aging
Diseases

76
Q

How do mechanical factors affect cartilage metabolism? 3

What is this called?

A

High strain -> matrix deposition -> increases matrix stiffness
Low strain -> Matrix resorption -> Reduced matrix stiffness
Anabolic & catabolic processes adjusted to adapt matrix to mechanical demands
Adaptive remodeling

77
Q

How is the adaptive remodeling adapted in terms of load?

A

Load below 1 MPa may be catabolic while load above 1 MPa may be a anabolic stimulus Mega pascals (MPa)

78
Q

What is best at adapting to environment, bone or cartilage or muscle?

A

Muscle

79
Q

How is cartiladge affected by injury?

A

Because articular cartiladge is avascular injury means it cannot repair
Cumalitive injuries lead to musculoskeltal conditions

80
Q

What does avascular mean

A

Lack of blood vessels

81
Q

How does ageing and diseases affect cartilage

A

With age, decresae in PG & collagen turnover- collagen disriupted- Loss of proteoglycan (PG)- Water lost on compression which leads to tissue damage
Increased non-enzymatic glycation (NEG)
Ageing leads to impaired joint lubrication.Without lubrication increased heat/ friction -> cracks in cartilage-> osteoarthritis

Musculoskeletal case (8 decks)

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