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Clinical Studies > Musculoskeletal Imaging 2 > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Imaging 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major disease of the immature skeleton?

A

Osteochondrosis (OC) / Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)

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2
Q

Describe OC/ OCD?

A

Results from focal area of dysfunction of endochondral ossification

  • Occurs in the epiphyseal cartilage complex and growth plate
  • Articular cartilage becomes thickened because it doesn’t mineralise
  • On radiograph, appears as a SC bone defect
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3
Q

What animals tend to be affected by OC?

A
  • Humans
  • Dogs
  • Pigs
  • Horses
  • Cattle
  • Chickens
  • Turkeys
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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of OC?

A
  • Lameness
  • Pain
  • Crepitus
  • Swelling
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5
Q

Where does the dog tend to get OC?

A

On articular surfaces

  • Shoulder
  • Elbow
  • Stifle
  • Tarsus
  • Vertebral articular facets
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6
Q

Describe OC signalment in the shoulder of a dog…

A

Sex: M: F is 2.25
Age: 4-8 months
Breed: Large & Giant Breeds

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7
Q

Describe OC clinical signs in the shoulder of a dog…

A
  • Most common form of OC
  • Weight bearing lameness in brought on by exercise
  • Shortened forelimb stride
  • Pain on extension/ flexion of the shoulder
  • Bilateral disease ~ 50% of the time
  • Bilateral lameness~21% of the time
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8
Q

Describe OC radiographic findings in the shoulder of a dog…

A
  • Lateral view is most helpful
  • Defect or flattening of the caudal humeral head
  • SC bone sclerosis
  • Mineralised flap
  • Secondary Osteoarthritis/ DJD
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9
Q

Describe OC signalment in the elbow of a dog…

A

Sex: M more than F
Breed: Large breeds, commonly retrievers

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10
Q

Describe OC clinical signs in the elbow of a dog…

A
  • Second most common
  • Weight bearing lameness is exacerbated by exercise
  • Pain on flexion/ extension of elbow
  • Often bilateral
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11
Q

Describe OC radiographic findings in the elbow of a dog…

A
  • Cranial- Caudal and Oblique views
  • SC defect of medial humeral condyle
  • SC sclerosis
  • Rarely see joint mouse
  • Secondary OA/ DJD of the medial epicondyle
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12
Q

Describe OC signalment in the stifle of a dog…

A

Sex: M more than F
Age: 5-7 months at onset
Breed: Great Dane, Labs, Newfoundland, German Shepherd

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13
Q

Describe OC clinical signs in the stifle of a dog…

A
  • Least common of OC lesions
  • Subtle hind leg lameness exacerbated by exercise
  • Stifle joint pain
  • Swelling and reduced range of motion
  • Often bilateral
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14
Q

Describe OC radiographic findings in the stifle of a dog…

A
  • Best seen on Cranial- Caudal view
  • Radiolucent SC bone defect
  • SC bone sclerosis
  • Secondary DJD
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15
Q

Describe OC signalment in the tarsus of a dog…

A

Sex: M and F equal
Age: 6-12 months of age at diagnosis
Breed: Rottweilers and Labs in >70% of cases

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16
Q

Describe OC clinical signs in the tarsus of a dog…

A
  • Third most common OC lesion
  • Progressive lameness over several months
  • Intermittent non-weight- bearing lameness OR… persistent weight bearing lameness exacerbated by exercise
  • Joint swelling
  • Bilateral 40%
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17
Q

Describe OC radiographic findings in the tarsus of a dog…

A
  • Medial trochlear ridge is most common
  • Best seen on DIP or flexed DIP
  • Widening of the joint space medially
  • Flattening or misshaped medial trochlear ridge
  • Swelling
  • SC sclerosis
  • Secondary DJD
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18
Q

Describe signalment of retained cartilaginous core OC findings of the distal ulnar physis of a dog…

A

Sex: M and F equal
Age: 6-12 months
Breeds: Giant (St. Bernard, Great Dane, Setters)

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19
Q

Describe clinical features of retained cartilaginous core OC findings of the distal ulnar physis of a dog…

A
  • Often incidental finding
  • No clinical lameness
  • Can result in asynchronous growth
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20
Q

Describe radiographic findings of retained cartilaginous core OC findings of the distal ulnar physis of a dog…

A
  • Inverted conical shaped radiolucent zone extending from the distal ulnar physis to distal ulnar metaphysis
  • Usually bilateral symmetric
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21
Q

Describe OC signalment in Hip Dysplasia of a dog…

A

Sex: no sex predilection
Breed: All breeds, Giant and Large
Age: 67% by 1 year, 95% by 2 years, 98% by 3 years

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22
Q

Describe OC clinical signs in Hip Dysplasia of a dog…

A
  • Genetic Disease
  • Joint loose ligaments due to inappropriate development
  • Usually bilateral but can be unilateral
  • Abnormal gait
  • Pain
  • Reluctance to rise, jump etc.
  • Muscle atrophy
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23
Q

Describe OC Radiographic Evaluation in Hip Dysplasia of a dog in extended limb view…

A
  • Limbs extended and parallel with patellas superimposed over femurs
  • Symmetrical wings of ilia
  • Symmetrical sacroiliac joints
  • Symmetrical obturator foramen
  • Femurs should equally cross the ischiatic tuberosity
  • Entire pelvis and both stifles on film
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24
Q

Describe normal radiographic findings for Dogs with Hip Dysplasia…

A
  • Deeply formed cup-shaped acetabulum
  • Smooth articular margin
  • Greater than 2/3 coverage of femoral head by acetabulum
  • Parallel articular margins
  • Narrow femoral neck with smooth margins
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25
Describe the 4 different types of elbow dysplasia...
1. Fragmented medial coronoid process (FCP) 2. Ununited Anconeal Process (UAP) 3. Osteochondrosis medial humeral epicondyle 4. Ununited medial epicondyle of the humerus
26
Describe the Signalment of Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process...
Sex: M 75: F 25 Age: 4-7 months, detected radiographically at 7-8 months Breed: Medium to Large breeds
27
Describe the clinical features of Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process (FCP)...
Most common of the elbow dysplasias Patient may present with a change in gait - Inward rotation of the elbow - Outward rotation of the foot - Stiffness in the front legs - Worsens with exercise - Decrease in range of motion of the elbow - Often Bilateral
28
Describe the radiographic findings of Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process (FCP)...
- Rare to actually see a fragment - Abnormal contour or poorly defined coronoid process on lateral view - Blunted or rounded medial coronoid process on Cranial-Caudal view - Periosteal new bone on the caudal anconeal process - Sclerosis of the trochlear notch
29
Describe the Signalment of ununited anconeal process (UAP)...
Sex: M2: F1 Age: 5-12 months, detected radiographically from 6 months Breeds: Large Breeds
30
Describe the Clinical Features of ununited anconeal process (UAP)...
- Should fuse by 5 months - Weight bearing lameness exacerbated by exercise - Bilateral 20-35%
31
Describe the Radiographic Findings of ununited anconeal process (UAP)......
- Extreme flexed lateral view - Radiolucent line separates the anconeal process - Secondary degenerative changes
32
Describe the Signalment of Panosteitis?
Sex: M 4: F1 Age: 5-12 months Breeds: Large and Giant: German Shepherds, Basset hounds, Great Danes, Doberman pinschers
33
Describe the Clinical Features of Panosteitis...
- Affects long bones - Self limiting - Shifting leg lameness - Pain on deep palpation - Unknown etiology
34
Describe the Radiographic findings of Panosteitis...
- Increased intramedullary densities - Lesion often near the nutrient foramen - May occupy the entire medullary cavity - Chronic lesions may have periosteal changes - Endostosis
35
Describe the signalment of Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)...
Sex: No clear sex predilection Age: 2-6 months Breed: Large and Giant Breeds
36
Describe the Clinical Features of Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)...
- Self Limiting - Affects the metaphyses of long bones - Painful swollen joints - May have high fever and systemic illness
37
Describe what a histological lesion in metaphysis of an animal with HOD...
- Neutrophilic Inflammatory response - Osteonecrosis - Haemorrhage - Increased osteoclast
38
Describe the Radiographic findings of Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)...
- Soft tissue swelling - Periosteal Cuffing - Transverse radiolucent line in the metaphysis - - double physeal line
39
Describe the Signalment of Aseptic necrosis and Ischemic necrosis and Legg-Perthes...
Sex: No sex predilection Age: 4-10 months Breeds: toy and small breeds
40
What are the clinical features of Ischaemic Necrosis of the Femoral Head?
- Weight bearing lameness - - 15% bilateral - Pain on abduction of the leg - Autosomal recessive trait
41
What are the radiographic findings of Ischaemic Necrosis of the Femoral Head?
- Radiolucency within the SC bone - Flattened irregular femoral head - Pathological fractures may occur - Remodelling of the femoral head - Widening and subluxation of the actetabulum
42
Describe the signalment of Capital Physeal Dysplasia Syndrome...
Sex: 85% M Age: 4-24 months Breed: All
43
Describe the clinical features of Capital Physeal Dysplasia Syndrome...
- Seen in overweight patients - Acute Lameness - Often Bilateral at different times - Abnormal disorganised growth at physis
44
Describe the radiographic findings of Capital Physeal Dysplasia Syndrome...
- Capital physeal fracture | - Absorption of femoral neck
45
Describe the Signalment of Patellar Luxation/ Subluxation...
Sex: either Age: Young Breed: Toy and Miniature, but Medium and Large breeds can be affected
46
Describe the Clinical Features of Patellar Luxation/ Subluxation...
- Vary depending on degree of luxation/ subluxation - Medial luxation is most common - Bilateral 50% - Congenital or developmental predispose to it
47
What congenital or developmental defects predispose dogs to patellar luxation/ subluxation...
- Coxa Vera or Coxa Valga - Lateral bowing of femur - Shallow trochlear groove of distal femur
48
Describe the Radiographic findings of Patellar Luxation/ Subluxation...
- Patellas may be in normal position - May see medially displaced - May see joint swelling
49
What is the signalment for Growth Plate Injuries?
Sex: Either Age: < 10 months Breed: All
50
Describe the Clinical Features of Growth Plate Injuries...
- Trauma often seen with Salter Harris Fractures - Premature closure of growth plate - More clinically significant in giant and large breeds
51
Describe the Radiographic Findings of Patellar Luxation/ Subluxation...
- Depends upon the physis injured - Secondary Limb deformities and joint incongruence - Shortened bone - Radial curvature - Valgus angulation of joints - Subluxation of joints
52
What are the 4 types of Primary Bone Tumours in Dogs?
1. Osteosarcomas 85% 2. Chondrosarcomas 5-10% 3. Hemangiosarcomas <5%
53
What is the signalment for bone tumours?
Sex: Either Breed: Large and Giant Age: Middle age + ( 7 years average)
54
Describe the Clinical Features of Bone Tumours...
- Appendicular skeleton 75% - Monostotic (fibrous dysplasia of one bone) - Doesn't cross joint space or IV disc space - "away from elbow and towards the knee" - Highly metastatic - Amputation and Chemi
55
Describe the Radiographic Findings of Bone Tumours...
Variable - Lytic - Proliferative - Lytic and Proliferative - Mineralised soft tissues - May see pathological fractures
56
Which bone tumours are metastatic to bone?
- Mammary Adenocarcinoma | - Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
57
Describe the Signalment of Bone Tumours that are metastatic to bone...
Sex: Either Age: Middle age and older Breed: none
58
Describe the Signalment of Fungal Osteomyelitis...
Sex: either Age: young and old Breed: Often seen in hunting breeds
59
Describe the Radiographic Findings of Osteomyelitis...
- Affect long bone similar to primary - Bone tumours - Can be polyostotic - Can cross joint space - Variable signs similar to primary bone tumours and bacterial osteomyelitis
60
Describe the Signalment of Bacterial Osteomyelitis...
Sex: Either Age: Any age open wounds
61
Describe the Clinical Features of Bacterial Osteomyelitis...
- Limb warm, swollen and painful - History of open wound - May have draining tract
62
Describe the Radiographic Findings of Bacterial Osteomyelitis...
- Cortical lysis - Periosteal proliferation - Soft tissue swelling - Increased intramedullary densities
63
Describe the Signalment of Hypertrophic Osteopathy (HO)...
Sex: either Age: middle to older Breed: any
64
Describe the Clinical features of Hypertrophic Osteopathy (HO)...
- Osteoproductive disorder - Secondary to Chronic Thoracic sisease - Unknown Pathogenesis
65
Describe the Radiographic findings of Hypertrophic Osteopathy (HO)...
- Semi-aggressive periosteal proliferation - Palisade periosteal reaction - Usually starts with digits - No Osteolysis - Soft Tissue Swelling
66
Describe the Signalment of OA/ DJD...
Sex: Either Age: older Breed: Any
67
Describe the Clinical Features of OA/ DJD...
Most common arthropathy Weight bearing joints in medium to large dogs - Primary: wear and tear - Secondary: predisposing condition - - hip dysplasia - - elbow dysplasia - - Trauma - - Ruptured cranial cruciate ligament
68
Describe the Radiographic findings of OA/ DJD...
Vary depending on stage of disease - Joint swelling - Periarticular Spurring - SC sclerosis - Narrowing or collapse of Joint Space

Clinical Studies (19 decks)

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