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Clinical Studies > Musculoskeletal Imaging 2 > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Imaging 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major disease of the immature skeleton?

A

Osteochondrosis (OC) / Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)

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2
Q

Describe OC/ OCD?

A

Results from focal area of dysfunction of endochondral ossification

  • Occurs in the epiphyseal cartilage complex and growth plate
  • Articular cartilage becomes thickened because it doesn’t mineralise
  • On radiograph, appears as a SC bone defect
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3
Q

What animals tend to be affected by OC?

A
  • Humans
  • Dogs
  • Pigs
  • Horses
  • Cattle
  • Chickens
  • Turkeys
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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of OC?

A
  • Lameness
  • Pain
  • Crepitus
  • Swelling
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5
Q

Where does the dog tend to get OC?

A

On articular surfaces

  • Shoulder
  • Elbow
  • Stifle
  • Tarsus
  • Vertebral articular facets
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6
Q

Describe OC signalment in the shoulder of a dog…

A

Sex: M: F is 2.25
Age: 4-8 months
Breed: Large & Giant Breeds

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7
Q

Describe OC clinical signs in the shoulder of a dog…

A
  • Most common form of OC
  • Weight bearing lameness in brought on by exercise
  • Shortened forelimb stride
  • Pain on extension/ flexion of the shoulder
  • Bilateral disease ~ 50% of the time
  • Bilateral lameness~21% of the time
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8
Q

Describe OC radiographic findings in the shoulder of a dog…

A
  • Lateral view is most helpful
  • Defect or flattening of the caudal humeral head
  • SC bone sclerosis
  • Mineralised flap
  • Secondary Osteoarthritis/ DJD
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9
Q

Describe OC signalment in the elbow of a dog…

A

Sex: M more than F
Breed: Large breeds, commonly retrievers

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10
Q

Describe OC clinical signs in the elbow of a dog…

A
  • Second most common
  • Weight bearing lameness is exacerbated by exercise
  • Pain on flexion/ extension of elbow
  • Often bilateral
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11
Q

Describe OC radiographic findings in the elbow of a dog…

A
  • Cranial- Caudal and Oblique views
  • SC defect of medial humeral condyle
  • SC sclerosis
  • Rarely see joint mouse
  • Secondary OA/ DJD of the medial epicondyle
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12
Q

Describe OC signalment in the stifle of a dog…

A

Sex: M more than F
Age: 5-7 months at onset
Breed: Great Dane, Labs, Newfoundland, German Shepherd

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13
Q

Describe OC clinical signs in the stifle of a dog…

A
  • Least common of OC lesions
  • Subtle hind leg lameness exacerbated by exercise
  • Stifle joint pain
  • Swelling and reduced range of motion
  • Often bilateral
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14
Q

Describe OC radiographic findings in the stifle of a dog…

A
  • Best seen on Cranial- Caudal view
  • Radiolucent SC bone defect
  • SC bone sclerosis
  • Secondary DJD
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15
Q

Describe OC signalment in the tarsus of a dog…

A

Sex: M and F equal
Age: 6-12 months of age at diagnosis
Breed: Rottweilers and Labs in >70% of cases

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16
Q

Describe OC clinical signs in the tarsus of a dog…

A
  • Third most common OC lesion
  • Progressive lameness over several months
  • Intermittent non-weight- bearing lameness OR… persistent weight bearing lameness exacerbated by exercise
  • Joint swelling
  • Bilateral 40%
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17
Q

Describe OC radiographic findings in the tarsus of a dog…

A
  • Medial trochlear ridge is most common
  • Best seen on DIP or flexed DIP
  • Widening of the joint space medially
  • Flattening or misshaped medial trochlear ridge
  • Swelling
  • SC sclerosis
  • Secondary DJD
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18
Q

Describe signalment of retained cartilaginous core OC findings of the distal ulnar physis of a dog…

A

Sex: M and F equal
Age: 6-12 months
Breeds: Giant (St. Bernard, Great Dane, Setters)

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19
Q

Describe clinical features of retained cartilaginous core OC findings of the distal ulnar physis of a dog…

A
  • Often incidental finding
  • No clinical lameness
  • Can result in asynchronous growth
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20
Q

Describe radiographic findings of retained cartilaginous core OC findings of the distal ulnar physis of a dog…

A
  • Inverted conical shaped radiolucent zone extending from the distal ulnar physis to distal ulnar metaphysis
  • Usually bilateral symmetric
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21
Q

Describe OC signalment in Hip Dysplasia of a dog…

A

Sex: no sex predilection
Breed: All breeds, Giant and Large
Age: 67% by 1 year, 95% by 2 years, 98% by 3 years

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22
Q

Describe OC clinical signs in Hip Dysplasia of a dog…

A
  • Genetic Disease
  • Joint loose ligaments due to inappropriate development
  • Usually bilateral but can be unilateral
  • Abnormal gait
  • Pain
  • Reluctance to rise, jump etc.
  • Muscle atrophy
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23
Q

Describe OC Radiographic Evaluation in Hip Dysplasia of a dog in extended limb view…

A
  • Limbs extended and parallel with patellas superimposed over femurs
  • Symmetrical wings of ilia
  • Symmetrical sacroiliac joints
  • Symmetrical obturator foramen
  • Femurs should equally cross the ischiatic tuberosity
  • Entire pelvis and both stifles on film
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24
Q

Describe normal radiographic findings for Dogs with Hip Dysplasia…

A
  • Deeply formed cup-shaped acetabulum
  • Smooth articular margin
  • Greater than 2/3 coverage of femoral head by acetabulum
  • Parallel articular margins
  • Narrow femoral neck with smooth margins
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25
Q

Describe the 4 different types of elbow dysplasia…

A
  1. Fragmented medial coronoid process (FCP)
  2. Ununited Anconeal Process (UAP)
  3. Osteochondrosis medial humeral epicondyle
  4. Ununited medial epicondyle of the humerus
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26
Q

Describe the Signalment of Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process…

A

Sex: M 75: F 25
Age: 4-7 months, detected radiographically at 7-8 months
Breed: Medium to Large breeds

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27
Q

Describe the clinical features of Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process (FCP)…

A

Most common of the elbow dysplasias

Patient may present with a change in gait

  • Inward rotation of the elbow
  • Outward rotation of the foot
  • Stiffness in the front legs
  • Worsens with exercise
  • Decrease in range of motion of the elbow
  • Often Bilateral
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28
Q

Describe the radiographic findings of Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process (FCP)…

A
  • Rare to actually see a fragment
  • Abnormal contour or poorly defined coronoid process on lateral view
  • Blunted or rounded medial coronoid process on Cranial-Caudal view
  • Periosteal new bone on the caudal anconeal process
  • Sclerosis of the trochlear notch
29
Q

Describe the Signalment of ununited anconeal process (UAP)…

A

Sex: M2: F1
Age: 5-12 months, detected radiographically from 6 months
Breeds: Large Breeds

30
Q

Describe the Clinical Features of ununited anconeal process (UAP)…

A
  • Should fuse by 5 months
  • Weight bearing lameness exacerbated by exercise
  • Bilateral 20-35%
31
Q

Describe the Radiographic Findings of ununited anconeal process (UAP)……

A
  • Extreme flexed lateral view
  • Radiolucent line separates the anconeal process
  • Secondary degenerative changes
32
Q

Describe the Signalment of Panosteitis?

A

Sex: M 4: F1
Age: 5-12 months
Breeds: Large and Giant: German Shepherds, Basset hounds, Great Danes, Doberman pinschers

33
Q

Describe the Clinical Features of Panosteitis…

A
  • Affects long bones
  • Self limiting
  • Shifting leg lameness
  • Pain on deep palpation
  • Unknown etiology
34
Q

Describe the Radiographic findings of Panosteitis…

A
  • Increased intramedullary densities
  • Lesion often near the nutrient foramen
  • May occupy the entire medullary cavity
  • Chronic lesions may have periosteal changes
  • Endostosis
35
Q

Describe the signalment of Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)…

A

Sex: No clear sex predilection
Age: 2-6 months
Breed: Large and Giant Breeds

36
Q

Describe the Clinical Features of Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)…

A
  • Self Limiting
  • Affects the metaphyses of long bones
  • Painful swollen joints
  • May have high fever and systemic illness
37
Q

Describe what a histological lesion in metaphysis of an animal with HOD…

A
  • Neutrophilic Inflammatory response
  • Osteonecrosis
  • Haemorrhage
  • Increased osteoclast
38
Q

Describe the Radiographic findings of Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)…

A
  • Soft tissue swelling
  • Periosteal Cuffing
  • Transverse radiolucent line in the metaphysis
    • double physeal line
39
Q

Describe the Signalment of Aseptic necrosis and Ischemic necrosis and Legg-Perthes…

A

Sex: No sex predilection
Age: 4-10 months
Breeds: toy and small breeds

40
Q

What are the clinical features of Ischaemic Necrosis of the Femoral Head?

A
  • Weight bearing lameness
    • 15% bilateral
  • Pain on abduction of the leg
  • Autosomal recessive trait
41
Q

What are the radiographic findings of Ischaemic Necrosis of the Femoral Head?

A
  • Radiolucency within the SC bone
  • Flattened irregular femoral head
  • Pathological fractures may occur
  • Remodelling of the femoral head
  • Widening and subluxation of the actetabulum
42
Q

Describe the signalment of Capital Physeal Dysplasia Syndrome…

A

Sex: 85% M
Age: 4-24 months
Breed: All

43
Q

Describe the clinical features of Capital Physeal Dysplasia Syndrome…

A
  • Seen in overweight patients
  • Acute Lameness
  • Often Bilateral at different times
  • Abnormal disorganised growth at physis
44
Q

Describe the radiographic findings of Capital Physeal Dysplasia Syndrome…

A
  • Capital physeal fracture

- Absorption of femoral neck

45
Q

Describe the Signalment of Patellar Luxation/ Subluxation…

A

Sex: either
Age: Young
Breed: Toy and Miniature, but Medium and Large breeds can be affected

46
Q

Describe the Clinical Features of Patellar Luxation/ Subluxation…

A
  • Vary depending on degree of luxation/ subluxation
  • Medial luxation is most common
  • Bilateral 50%
  • Congenital or developmental predispose to it
47
Q

What congenital or developmental defects predispose dogs to patellar luxation/ subluxation…

A
  • Coxa Vera or Coxa Valga
  • Lateral bowing of femur
  • Shallow trochlear groove of distal femur
48
Q

Describe the Radiographic findings of Patellar Luxation/ Subluxation…

A
  • Patellas may be in normal position
  • May see medially displaced
  • May see joint swelling
49
Q

What is the signalment for Growth Plate Injuries?

A

Sex: Either
Age: < 10 months
Breed: All

50
Q

Describe the Clinical Features of Growth Plate Injuries…

A
  • Trauma often seen with Salter Harris Fractures
  • Premature closure of growth plate
  • More clinically significant in giant and large breeds
51
Q

Describe the Radiographic Findings of Patellar Luxation/ Subluxation…

A
  • Depends upon the physis injured
  • Secondary Limb deformities and joint incongruence
  • Shortened bone
  • Radial curvature
  • Valgus angulation of joints
  • Subluxation of joints
52
Q

What are the 4 types of Primary Bone Tumours in Dogs?

A
  1. Osteosarcomas 85%
  2. Chondrosarcomas 5-10%
  3. Hemangiosarcomas <5%
53
Q

What is the signalment for bone tumours?

A

Sex: Either
Breed: Large and Giant
Age: Middle age + ( 7 years average)

54
Q

Describe the Clinical Features of Bone Tumours…

A
  • Appendicular skeleton 75%
  • Monostotic (fibrous dysplasia of one bone)
  • Doesn’t cross joint space or IV disc space
  • “away from elbow and towards the knee”
  • Highly metastatic
  • Amputation and Chemi
55
Q

Describe the Radiographic Findings of Bone Tumours…

A

Variable

  • Lytic
  • Proliferative
  • Lytic and Proliferative
  • Mineralised soft tissues
  • May see pathological fractures
56
Q

Which bone tumours are metastatic to bone?

A
  • Mammary Adenocarcinoma

- Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

57
Q

Describe the Signalment of Bone Tumours that are metastatic to bone…

A

Sex: Either
Age: Middle age and older
Breed: none

58
Q

Describe the Signalment of Fungal Osteomyelitis…

A

Sex: either
Age: young and old
Breed: Often seen in hunting breeds

59
Q

Describe the Radiographic Findings of Osteomyelitis…

A
  • Affect long bone similar to primary
  • Bone tumours
  • Can be polyostotic
  • Can cross joint space
  • Variable signs similar to primary bone tumours and bacterial osteomyelitis
60
Q

Describe the Signalment of Bacterial Osteomyelitis…

A

Sex: Either
Age: Any age open wounds

61
Q

Describe the Clinical Features of Bacterial Osteomyelitis…

A
  • Limb warm, swollen and painful
  • History of open wound
  • May have draining tract
62
Q

Describe the Radiographic Findings of Bacterial Osteomyelitis…

A
  • Cortical lysis
  • Periosteal proliferation
  • Soft tissue swelling
  • Increased intramedullary densities
63
Q

Describe the Signalment of Hypertrophic Osteopathy (HO)…

A

Sex: either
Age: middle to older
Breed: any

64
Q

Describe the Clinical features of Hypertrophic Osteopathy (HO)…

A
  • Osteoproductive disorder
  • Secondary to Chronic Thoracic sisease
  • Unknown Pathogenesis
65
Q

Describe the Radiographic findings of Hypertrophic Osteopathy (HO)…

A
  • Semi-aggressive periosteal proliferation
  • Palisade periosteal reaction
  • Usually starts with digits
  • No Osteolysis
  • Soft Tissue Swelling
66
Q

Describe the Signalment of OA/ DJD…

A

Sex: Either
Age: older
Breed: Any

67
Q

Describe the Clinical Features of OA/ DJD…

A

Most common arthropathy

Weight bearing joints in medium to large dogs

  • Primary: wear and tear
  • Secondary: predisposing condition
    • hip dysplasia
    • elbow dysplasia
    • Trauma
    • Ruptured cranial cruciate ligament
68
Q

Describe the Radiographic findings of OA/ DJD…

A

Vary depending on stage of disease

  • Joint swelling
  • Periarticular Spurring
  • SC sclerosis
  • Narrowing or collapse of Joint Space

Clinical Studies (19 decks)

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