Intro and Autonomous Flashcards
What are potential treatment options for all presenting cases?
- Do nothing
- Give drugs
- Surgery
- Change diet
- Euthanasia
- Most involve drugs
If many animals are affected by the same bacterial problem, what is the best way to dispense their antibiotics?
- Put it in their water trough and make sure all of the animals drink
Describe Greasy Pig Disease…
- Caused by a bacteria Staph. hyicus that normally lives on the skin
- Sometimes it flares up and causes dermatitis where the pigs produce extra sebum from their hair follicles
- Toxins are produced which are absorbed into the system and damage kidneys and liver
- Piglets infected during birth from sow’s vagina
What do you need to know about any clinical case?
- History
- Clinical Exam Findings
- DDx
- Lab Tests
- Diagnosis
What do you as a vet need to know when treating cases with drugs?
- Treatment Objectives
- Drugs likely to be active
- Side effects & Interactions
- Monitoring required?
- Pharmacokinetics
- Dose
- Cost
- Do the benefits outweigh the risks
What is the only drug given in a panic situation?
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
- dose rate of 20ug/ kg
- repeat every 5 minutes
What problems do cats have with phenols?
They can have problems metabolising them
What is a BAN?
British approved name for a drug
What is a USAN?
United States Adopted Name for a drug
What are pINN and rINN?
Provisional and Recommended International Nonproprietary Names approved by the WHO
What do we as vets need to know about penicillin antibiotics?
Narrow and broad spectrum penicillins
- broad unnecessary if you know what the bacteria causing the problem is - don’t want to cause gut problems with other bacteria
- Procaine penicillin is used quite often
- penicillin is a safe drug safe to double results to ensure results
Where do you IM inject in pigs?
Proximal 1/3 of the neck
- Meat animal
Is SC better than IM?
Yes, but if the animal is sick there will be poor circulation to the skin
What must be considered in terms of blood supply under anaesthesia?
Poor blood supply to all organs for the length of the surgery
- the lungs get almost all of the C.O
What are positive ionotropes?
Drugs that increase the strength of cardiac muscle contraction by increasing amount of intracellular Ca2+ available for binding muscle proteins
What is a sympathomimetic drug?
Mimics effect of sympathetic activation of the heart and circulation
- Stimulates Beta receptors
- Causes vasoconstriction and vascular smooth muscle contraction through alpha receptors
Used where blood pressure needs to be raised by stimulating heart and causing vasoconstriction
What are Cardiac Glycoside drugs?
Drugs used to treat heart failure (oedema caused by a weakened heart) and some arrythmias
- Found in leaf of digitalis plant
What is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDI) drug?
Drugs used to treat heart failure
What are 6 examples of sympathomimetics drugs?
- Adrenaline
- Noradrenaline
- Dopamine
- Isoprenaline
- Dobutamine
- Dopexamine
What is SVR?
Systemic Vascular Resistance
- resistance to blood flow by all of the systemic vasculature
What is the half life of adrenaline?
2 minutes
- must keep giving it
What does an ECG show if there is an adrenaline overdose?
Bigger QRS or T wave
What are abnormal and normal heart rates for horses under analgesia?
Normal: 25-30 bpm
Abnormal: > 50 bpm (tachycardia)
What are some side effects of positive inotropes under analgesia?
- Tachycardia
- Hypertension
- Arrhythmias
- Tolerance
How must adrenaline be administered?q
IV
- usually given as an infusion bag
What is the best way to monitor the effects the surgery is having on an animal under anaesthetics?
Blood Pressure changes
What is Anaphylaxis?
A severe, whole body allergic reaction to a chemical ( often a drug) that has become an allergen
- immune system sensitised after first exposure
Tissues in different parts of the body release histamine which causes: - Airways to Constrict - Vasodilatation. - Decreased CO2 and Permeability of blood vessels - Oedema - Tremours - Collapse - Increased perfusion = 0 Blood Pressure
How do you treat anaphylaxis?
GIve adrenaline SC or IM
Monitor effects
Only give IV as last resort
What are the dose rates for adrenaline?
SC: 20ug/kg
IV: 5-20ug/kg
Intratracheally: 20-40ug/kg
Intracardiac (last resort): 2ug/kg
Where is adrenaline secreted from?
The adrenal glands
What is haemostasis?
Process which causes bleeding to stop - by blood clotting
Describe the effects that calcium has on the body?
- Some inotropic effect
- Vasoconstriction
- Increases C.O
- Reduces blood flow ro myocardium and brain
- Don’t use as inotrope
What do pain and anaesthesia do to the nervous system?
They depress the whole thing
What do endotoxins produced by bacteria do to the cardiovascular system?
- Decrease cardiac output and blood pressure
- Cause vasodilation
What is the main objective with an animal with acute heart failure?
Get oxygenated blood to the myocardium and brain
What is the sequence of events that should be in place for treating a patient with acute heart failure?
- Don’t excite the animal
- Give Oxygen
- Place large bore IV catheter
- Give frusemide IV (1-2 mg/kg/hr
- Attach ECG
- Make diagnosis by xrays and ultrasounds etc
- GIve Drugs
- vasodilators
- inotropes
- antiarrthythmics
- fluids
What is atropine used for?
Increasing Heart Rate
