Musculoskeletal drugs, Nervous System drugs, Anti-epileptic drugs, Eye drugs, Vaccines, Cytotoxic drugs

Question 1

What can anti-inflammatory drugs do?

Answer 1

Treat pain, fever and swelling

Question 2

What do NSAIDs do?

Answer 2

Inhibit formation of prostaglandins which are mediators of acute inflammation

Question 3

What can you use NSAIDs for?

Answer 3

Pian relief for after surgery

Joint conditions eg. osteoarthritis

Question 4

What is the NSAIDs mode of action?

Answer 4

Have anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity and inhibit platelet aggregation

Question 5

How are NSAIDs excreted?

Answer 5

Mainly by glomerular filtration

Question 6

How are NSAIDs administered?

Answer 6

Can be given orally but can be irritant to the stomach. Can be given s/c, i/m or i/v in the right preparations.

Question 7

Describe the role of the liver in the process of metabolism and excretion of Meloxicam.

Answer 7

-The liver produces enzymes which transform the drug in to metabolites which can be passed in urine
-Highly lipid soluble drugs are incorporated into bile and eliminated by the biliary system.
-Metabolism occurs in 2 phases:
1 - original molecule transformed by oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis.
2 - enzyme conjugates metabolite with another molecule (eg. glucaronic acid) which produces hydrophilic molecule.
-Liver excretes drugs by incorporating them into bile. Once in intestines drug is excreted as faeces or reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

Question 8

What do Opioid Analgesics do?

Answer 8

Reduce sensation of pain without a reduction in other sensations.

Question 9

What do tranquillisers do?

Answer 9

Generally reduces anxiety and produces mental relaxation. Used to calm patient prior to handling or transport. Eg. ACP (no analgesic effect) and Domitor (analgesic effect)

Question 10

What is an opioids Mode of Action?

Answer 10

Attach to opioid receptors in the CNS, GI tract, urinary tract and smooth muscle.

Question 11

What are the 3 main types of opioid receptors?

Answer 11

Mu, Kappa, Sigma

Question 12

What receptors should a good opioid affect?

Answer 12

Should have a strong Kappa receptor activity and some Mu receptor activity but very little effect on the Sigma receptor.

Question 13

What are the characteristics of Buprenorphine?

Answer 13

Strong analgesic
1 - 1.5 hour duration
Less potent than morphine
Can be used in combination with sedative or tranquilliser

Question 14

What is Diazepam?

Answer 14

Used in emergencies to control seizures. Mode of action is to “quieten” the activity of CNS
Metabolised very quickly when given IV so may need to be administered repeatedly in cases of status epilepticus.
Can be used as appetite stimulant in cats

Question 15

What is a midriatic?

Answer 15

Causes dilation of the eye, reducing spazms of ciliary muscle.

Question 16

What is a miotic?

Answer 16

Causes constriction of the pupil and increases drainage of occular fluid.

Question 17

What is a vaccine?

Answer 17

Developed to help prevent animals contracting infectious diseases by stimulating their immunity to a disease.

Question 18

What is a live vaccine?

Answer 18

Consists of living organism of slightly different strain to disease causing strain. Illicit a long lasting immune response as the organism multiplies in body after administration

Question 19

What is an inactivated (killed/dead) vaccine?

Answer 19

Stimulates immune response to antigen but do not multiply in host. Short immune response. Can be used in pregnant animals.

Question 20

What safety protocols should be followed while using cytotoxic drugs?

Answer 20

• prepare and administer drug in well ventelated area away from traffic
• wear PPE: goggles, double latex gloves, long sleeved gown, hat, mask
• pregnant women and women of child bearing age should not handle.