Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders

Question 1

What is musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders major causes of?

Answer 1

chronic pain and physical handicap

Question 2

What are the most important risk factors for rheumatic diseases?

Answer 2

age and sex

Question 3

What is useful prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders?

Answer 3

physical therapy, plays an important role in rehabilitation and pain management

Question 4

What is osteomyelitis?

Answer 4

bacterial infection of the bone and bone marrow

Question 5

What causes osteomyelitis?

Answer 5

pyogenic bacteria
may be:
blood borne, extension of a nearby infectious focus, or contamination of a compound bone fracture

Question 6

What is a bone fracture?

Answer 6

traumatic injury to bone in which the continuity if the tissue is broken

Question 7

What are the stages of bone fracture healing?

Answer 7

1. Hematoma formation
2. Acute inflammation
3. Procallus formation (granulation tissue)
4. Callus formation and development
5. Remodelling of bone

Question 8

Define osteoperosis

Answer 8

generalized progressive diminution in bone tissue mass per unit volume

Question 9

What does osteoporosis result in?

Answer 9

skeletal weakness

Question 10

What is the clinical manifestation(s) of osteoporosis ?

Answer 10

bone fractures

Question 11

Describe primary osteoporosis

Answer 11

• idiopathic
• bone loss is due to, in some degree, to normal process of aging
• accounts for more that 95% of all cases of osteoporosis

Question 12

Describe secondary osteoporosis

Answer 12

• is due to something

- accounts for less than 5% of osteoporosis cases

Question 13

What could be a cause of secondary osteoporosis?

Answer 13

• prolonged administration of prednisone
• diabetes
• inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin C
• malabsorption syndrome
• prolonged immobilization
• anticoagulants
• anticonvulsants
• some tumors

Question 14

Describe postmenopausal osteoporosis

Answer 14

• occurs between ages of 51-75
• 6 times more common in females
• probably from postmenopausal hormonal changes

Question 15

Describe senile osteoporosis

Answer 15

• mainly in those ages 70+
• 2 times more common in females
• more gradual
• age related

Question 16

What is usually the first symptom of a bone tumour? Why?

Answer 16

pain

due to pressure exerted by tumour on the rigid bone

Question 17

What are the most common symptoms of osteosarcoma?

Answer 17

pain and a mass

Question 18

Where are about half of the lesions found in osteosarcoma found?

Answer 18

knee region

Question 19

Describe osteosarcoma

Answer 19

• highly malignant
• after myeloma is the most common primary bone tumour in humans
• can occur at any age, but most common 10-20y/o

Question 20

Describe myeloma

Answer 20

osteolytic neoplasm of bone marrow (eats/dissolves bone)

Question 21

Describe Multiple Myeloma (MM)

Answer 21

• When myeloma is multicentric
• produces punched out lesions in those bones where red-marrow is found
• widespread involvement of the skeleton can produce hypercalcemia
• is radiosensitive, local lesions are curable
• predominantly in ages 40+

Question 22

Where are MM lesions found?

Answer 22

-in bones that contain red bone marrow:
skull
ribs
vertebrae
pelvic bones

Question 23

What are common symptoms of MM?

Answer 23

intense pain

spontaneous fractures

Question 24

How is MM diagnosed?

Answer 24

• 80% of cases the tumour produces a large amount of an immunoglobulin called myeloma protein that can be found in a blood test
• 20% produce a peptide called Brice Jones protein, only recognized in urine

Question 25

Define osteoarthritis (OA)

Answer 25

disorder of the hyaline cartilage | + subchrondal bone

Question 26

What type of disease is OA?

Answer 26

degenerative

Question 27

What is OA commonly known as? What is it sometimes referred to as?

Answer 27

arthritis | osteoarthrosis

Question 28

What is the most common form of articular disorders?

Answer 28

osteoarthritis (OA)

Question 29

True or false: almost all people by the age of 35 has some pathologic changes in weight bearing joints

Answer 29

False: almost all people by the age of 40 has some pathologic changes in weight bearing joints

Question 30

What sex does OA affect more?

Answer 30

affects men and women equally | earlier onset in men

Question 31

True or false: OA is a systemic disease and life is shortened

Answer 31

False: OA is NOT a systemic disease and life is NOT shortened

Question 32

What is the most common symptom of OA?

Answer 32

pain, relieved by rest

Question 33

How long does stiffness last with OA?

Answer 33

15-20 min, then disappears

Question 34

joint movement with OA is often associated w/ ___________.

Answer 34

crepitus

Question 35

Do people with OA need to take muscle relaxants?

Answer 35

sometimes. muscle spasms and contractures tend to develop

Question 36

A systemic disease that involves other organs than bones that you can die from: a. OA b. RA

Answer 36

RA

Question 37

What sex + age does rheumatoid arthritis affect?

Answer 37

- chronic syndrome that occurs most frequently in young women - women affected 3-4x more than men - onset any age, most common 25-50

Question 38

What does RA affect?

Answer 38

small joints in the hand and foot are most severely affected

Question 39

What causes RA?

Answer 39

idiopathic | assumed to be autoimmune inflammation

Question 40

Define Spondylitis (anykylosing spondytis)

Answer 40

-a rheumatic disorder characterized primarily inflammation of the axial skeleton and large peripheral joints

Question 41

What age + sex does spondylitis affect?

Answer 41

- 3x more frequent in men | - most often between ages 20-40

Question 42

What happens when someone has spondylitis?

Answer 42

- there is a bony ankylosis of affected joint - vertebral column converts into a rigid bony mass - ligaments undergo ossification

Question 43

what is spondylitis known as?

Answer 43

bamboo spine