musculoskeletal anatomy Flashcards
what are the main functions of the musculoskeletal system
movement
stability
shape
support
what is the structure and function of the skeletal system
bone and cartilage
homeostasis
blood production
what is the function of the muscular system
heat production
peristalsis
what are the two functional parts of the skeletal system
axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
what are the components of the axial skeleton
head, neck and trunk
what are the components of the appendicular skeleton
limbs and girdles
what are the classifications of bones
flat
long
sesamoid
irregular
short
what is the function of flat bones
protection of the heart
e.g. the sternum
what is the function of long bones
tubular
provide leverage
e.g. femur
what is the function of sesamoid bones
develop in tendons
protect tendons
e.g. patella
what is the function of irregular bones
complex in shape
protection of the spinal cord
e.g. vertebrae
what is the function of short bones
cuboidal
stability, support and some movement
e.g. tarsals
what are the components of bone structre
periosteum (outer surface)
endosteum (inner surface)
perichondrium
cortical bone
trabecular bone
medullary cavity
what is the function of the periosteum and endosteum
bone-forming cells
fibrous connective tissue
coverings of bone
what is the function of the perichondrium
at joints
fibrous connective tissue
covering articular cartilage
what is the function of the cortical bone
rigid outer shell
what is the function of the trabecular bone
interconnected struts (trabeculae)
what is the function of the medullary cavity
hollow part of bone
contains bone marrow
what are joints
articulation of two or more bones for stability and/or movement
what are the types of joints
- cartilaginous joints
- fibrous joints
- synovial joints
what are the types of cartilaginous joints
primary - synchondroses
secondary - symphases
what is the function of primary cartilagious joints
covered by hyaline cartilages
form temporary (e.g. epiphyseal growth plate) or permanent unions (e.g. 1st sternocostal joint)
what is the function of secondary cartilaginous joints
form permanent unions by fibrocartilage e.g. pubic symphysis
what is the function of fibrous joints
bones united by fibrous tissue
stability
- sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis
what is the function of synovial joints
joint capsule spans and encloses joint
lined by synovial membrane and articular cartilage
filled with a lubricating synovial fluid for mobility
what are the types of synovial joints
pivot
hinge
saddle
ball and socket
condyloid
plane
what are pivot joints
rotation around axis
e.g. atlanto-axial joint
what are ball and socket joints
movement in multiple axes and planes
e.g. hip joint
what are hinge joints
permit flexion and extension
e.g. lunohumeral (elbow joint)
what are saddle joints
permit flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
e.g. carpometacarpal joint of 1st digit (thumb joint)
what are condyloid joints
permit flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
e.g. wrist joint
what are plane joints
sliding movements
e.g. acromioclavicular joint
what are ligaments
connect bone to bone
fibrous bands of dense regular connective tissue
stabilise articulating bones and reinforce joints
what are the classification of ligaments
capsular
intracapsular
extracapsular
types of muscle
smooth
cardiac
skeletal
what is smooth muscle
involuntary
smooth
viscera
what is cardiac muscle
involuntary
striated
the heart and great vessels
what is skeletal muscle (basic)
voluntary
striated
gross named muscles
what is skeletal muscle
most skeletal muscles are attached directly or indirectly to bones, cartilage, ligaments or fascia, or, to a combination of structures
organs of locomotion
provide support, form and heat
what is the structure of skeletal muscle
individual cells
cytoplasm
muscle cells
fasicle
what is the structure of skeletal muscle - individual cells
cylindrical with multiple elongated nuclei located peripherally
what is the structure of skeletal muscle - muscle cells
muscle fibres
what is the structure of skeletal muscle - cytoplasm
has alternating dark and light bands (striations)
= overlapping bands of contractile tissue (actin and myosin)
what is the structure of skeletal muscle - fasicle
tens or hundreds of muscle fibres bundled together
what is pennate skeletal muscle
fasicles attach obliquely
uni-, bi- or multi-
what are tendons
connect muscle to bone
dense regular connective tissue
transmits mechanical forces
what is convergent skeletal muscle
arise from a broad area and converge to form a single attachment
what is the classifications of skeletal muscle
pennate
convergent
circular or sphincter
fusiform
flat
what is fusiform skeletal muscle
spindle shaped with thick round bellies and tapered ends
what is circular/sphincter skeletal muscle
surround opening
constrict when contracted
what are the types of muscle contractions
- reflexive - automatic, e.g. diaphragm
- tonic - muscle tone, e.g. posture
- phasic
what is flat skeletal muscle
parallel fibres
what are isometric contractions
muscle length remains the same
what are the types of phasic muscle contractions
isotonic
isometric
what are isotonic contractions
muscle changes length
1. concentric - muscle shortening
2. eccentric - muscle lengthening
what are antagonistic muscle pairs
e.g. bicep curl - fixed muscle origin, movable muscle = insertion
bicep is the prime mover / agonist undergoing concentric contraction
tricep is the antagonist which relaxes
