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Human Physiology and Pharmacology > musculoskeletal anatomy > Flashcards

musculoskeletal anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main functions of the musculoskeletal system

A

movement
stability
shape
support

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2
Q

what is the structure and function of the skeletal system

A

bone and cartilage
homeostasis
blood production

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3
Q

what is the function of the muscular system

A

heat production
peristalsis

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4
Q

what are the two functional parts of the skeletal system

A

axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton

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5
Q

what are the components of the axial skeleton

A

head, neck and trunk

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6
Q

what are the components of the appendicular skeleton

A

limbs and girdles

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7
Q

what are the classifications of bones

A

flat
long
sesamoid
irregular
short

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8
Q

what is the function of flat bones

A

protection of the heart
e.g. the sternum

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9
Q

what is the function of long bones

A

tubular
provide leverage
e.g. femur

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10
Q

what is the function of sesamoid bones

A

develop in tendons
protect tendons
e.g. patella

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11
Q

what is the function of irregular bones

A

complex in shape
protection of the spinal cord
e.g. vertebrae

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12
Q

what is the function of short bones

A

cuboidal
stability, support and some movement
e.g. tarsals

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13
Q

what are the components of bone structre

A

periosteum (outer surface)
endosteum (inner surface)
perichondrium
cortical bone
trabecular bone
medullary cavity

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14
Q

what is the function of the periosteum and endosteum

A

bone-forming cells
fibrous connective tissue
coverings of bone

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15
Q

what is the function of the perichondrium

A

at joints
fibrous connective tissue
covering articular cartilage

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16
Q

what is the function of the cortical bone

A

rigid outer shell

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17
Q

what is the function of the trabecular bone

A

interconnected struts (trabeculae)

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18
Q

what is the function of the medullary cavity

A

hollow part of bone
contains bone marrow

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19
Q

what are joints

A

articulation of two or more bones for stability and/or movement

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20
Q

what are the types of joints

A
  1. cartilaginous joints
  2. fibrous joints
  3. synovial joints
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21
Q

what are the types of cartilaginous joints

A

primary - synchondroses
secondary - symphases

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22
Q

what is the function of primary cartilagious joints

A

covered by hyaline cartilages
form temporary (e.g. epiphyseal growth plate) or permanent unions (e.g. 1st sternocostal joint)

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23
Q

what is the function of secondary cartilaginous joints

A

form permanent unions by fibrocartilage e.g. pubic symphysis

24
Q

what is the function of fibrous joints

A

bones united by fibrous tissue
stability
- sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis

25
what is the function of synovial joints
joint capsule spans and encloses joint lined by synovial membrane and articular cartilage filled with a lubricating synovial fluid for mobility
26
what are the types of synovial joints
pivot hinge saddle ball and socket condyloid plane
27
what are pivot joints
rotation around axis e.g. atlanto-axial joint
28
what are ball and socket joints
movement in multiple axes and planes e.g. hip joint
29
what are hinge joints
permit flexion and extension e.g. lunohumeral (elbow joint)
30
what are saddle joints
permit flexion, extension, abduction and adduction e.g. carpometacarpal joint of 1st digit (thumb joint)
31
what are condyloid joints
permit flexion, extension, abduction and adduction e.g. wrist joint
32
what are plane joints
sliding movements e.g. acromioclavicular joint
33
what are ligaments
connect bone to bone fibrous bands of dense regular connective tissue stabilise articulating bones and reinforce joints
34
what are the classification of ligaments
capsular intracapsular extracapsular
35
types of muscle
smooth cardiac skeletal
36
what is smooth muscle
involuntary smooth viscera
37
what is cardiac muscle
involuntary striated the heart and great vessels
38
what is skeletal muscle (basic)
voluntary striated gross named muscles
39
what is skeletal muscle
most skeletal muscles are attached directly or indirectly to bones, cartilage, ligaments or fascia, or, to a combination of structures organs of locomotion provide support, form and heat
40
what is the structure of skeletal muscle
individual cells cytoplasm muscle cells fasicle
41
what is the structure of skeletal muscle - individual cells
cylindrical with multiple elongated nuclei located peripherally
42
what is the structure of skeletal muscle - muscle cells
muscle fibres
43
what is the structure of skeletal muscle - cytoplasm
has alternating dark and light bands (striations) = overlapping bands of contractile tissue (actin and myosin)
44
what is the structure of skeletal muscle - fasicle
tens or hundreds of muscle fibres bundled together
45
what is pennate skeletal muscle
fasicles attach obliquely uni-, bi- or multi-
46
what are tendons
connect muscle to bone dense regular connective tissue transmits mechanical forces
47
what is convergent skeletal muscle
arise from a broad area and converge to form a single attachment
48
what is the classifications of skeletal muscle
pennate convergent circular or sphincter fusiform flat
49
what is fusiform skeletal muscle
spindle shaped with thick round bellies and tapered ends
50
what is circular/sphincter skeletal muscle
surround opening constrict when contracted
51
what are the types of muscle contractions
1. reflexive - automatic, e.g. diaphragm 2. tonic - muscle tone, e.g. posture 3. phasic
52
what is flat skeletal muscle
parallel fibres
53
what are the types of phasic muscle contractions
isotonic isometric
54
what are isotonic contractions
muscle changes length 1. concentric - muscle shortening 2. eccentric - muscle lengthening
55
what are isometric contractions
muscle length remains the same
56
what are antagonistic muscle pairs
e.g. bicep curl - fixed muscle origin, movable muscle = insertion bicep is the prime mover / agonist undergoing concentric contraction tricep is the antagonist which relaxes

Human Physiology and Pharmacology (30 decks)

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