introduction to the autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of a neuron?

A

dendrite, cell body, nucleus, axon hillock, myelin sheath (pre-ganglionic), schwann cell, nodes of ranvier, axon terminal

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2
Q

what are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

central
peripheral

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3
Q

what are the components of the central nervous system?

A

brain
spinal cord

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4
Q

what are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

motor neurons - somatic and autonomic
sensory neurons
spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and ganglia

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5
Q

what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

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6
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A

under voluntary control
innervates skeletal muscle
motor neuron is one continuous structure

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7
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic
under involuntary control
innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
two motor neurons - one pre-ganglionic and one post-ganglionic

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8
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

‘fight or flight’
controls function in times of stress
short pre-ganglionic neuron
long post-ganglionic neuron
adrenergic neurotransmitters - e.g. adrenaline, long lasting effect

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9
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

‘rest and digest’
controls day to day function
long pre-ganglionic neuron
short post-ganglionic neuron
cholinergic neurotransmitters - e.g. acetylcholine, effects are brief as they are inactivated quickly in the synaptic cleft.

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10
Q

what are afferent sensory neurons

A

relay information from sensory receptors to initiate an effector response to restore homeostasis

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11
Q

what are efferent motor neurons

A

travel from the central nervous system to a target organ or tissue

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12
Q

what are the functions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS often work simultaneously in a reciprocal and complementary manner maintaining homeostasis

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13
Q

what are the functions of the sympathetic nervous system

A

orchestrates the stress response and energy consumption
associated with ‘fight or flight’ reactions, but also has very important ongoing activity

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14
Q

what are the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

regulates many functions, some of which are restorative and energy conserving ‘rest and digest’

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15
Q

which parts of the body have a role in maintaining homeostasis

A

skin
liver/pancreas
lungs
heart & vasculature
kidneys

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16
Q

what is the role of the skin in maintaining homeostasis

A

thermoregulation by controlling contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle vasculature

17
Q

what is the role of the liver/pancreas in maintaining homeostasis

A

metabolism of glucose and lipids

18
Q

what is the role of the lungs in maintaining homeostasis

A

ventilation to control partial pressures and pH

18
Q

what is the role of the heart and vasculature in maintaining homeostasis

A

blood pressure by contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the vasculature

19
Q

what is the role of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis

A

osmoregulation (water and electrolyte balance)
acid-base balance
blood pressure regulation

20
Q

what are the principles of control of homeostasis

A

homeostasis generally involves a negative feedback loop which has three parts:
1. a sensor
2. a comparator/integrator - in the CNS, initiate an effector response via efferent neurons
3. an effector

21
Q

anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system

A

short myelinated pre-ganglionic neuron that synapse in paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia
ganglia in the pre- and para-vertebral
long unmyelinated post-ganglionic neuron

22
Q

anatomy of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

long myelinated pre-ganglionic neurons that synapses in or on target tissues/organs
short unmyelinated post-ganglionic neurons

23
Q

what are pre-ganglionic neurons

A

cell bodies arise in the central nervous system
project axons which leave the CNS ad synapse at pre- and post- vertebral ganglia

24
what are ganglia
collections of cell bodies
25
what are post-ganglionic neurons
cell bodies arise in ganglia
26
what is the neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system
pre-ganglionic = acetylcholine to nicotinic Ach receptor post-ganglionic = noradrenaline to adrenoceptor
27
what is sympathetic regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone
↑ vascular tone = vasoconstriction 1. ATP produces a fast contraction of the smooth muscle 2. noradrenaline produces a moderately fast response 3. neuropeptide Y produces a slow response
28
what is the neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system
pre-ganglionic = acetylcholine to nicotinic Ach receptor post-ganglionic = acetylcholine to muscarinic Ach receptor
29
what is parasympathetic regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone
↓ vascular tone = vasodilation 1. acetylcholine and nitric oxide produce a rapid relaxation 2. vasoactive intestinal peptide can produce a slow, delayed response
30
what are non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) transmission
neurotransmission caused by non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic transmission sympathetic = ATP or neuropeptide Y parasympathetic = nitric oxide or vasoactive intestinal peptide
31
what are cholinoceptors
acetylcholine is the endogenous agonist of cholinoceptors that are nicotinic, or muscarinic
32
what is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
present in the ganglia ligand-gated ion channels
33
what is the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
present in the effector cells G-protein coupled receptors
34
what are adrenoceptors
noradrenaline and adrenaline are the endogenous agonists of a family of adrenoceptors all are G-protein coupled receptors
35
effects of the sympathetic nervous system on targets
- pupil dilation - alpha1 - noradrenaline - airway relaxation - beta2 - noradrenaline - increased rate and force of heart contraction - beta1- noradrenaline - sweat gland secretion - mAchR - acetylcholine - penile ejaculation - alpha1 - noradrenaline
36
effects of parasympathetic nervous system on targets
- pupil constriction - mAchR - acetylcholine - airway contraction - mAchR - acetylcholine - decreased heart rate - mAchR - acetylcholine - penile erection - mAchR - acetylcholine