Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Learning Objective - know and diagnose common toxicants that cause muscle damage

A

phenoacetic acid herbicides - ataxia/rigid muscles
Ergot Alkalosis
Ionophores
Clostridium

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2
Q

learning objective - know ionophores, the mech of action, and how to diagnose and treat

A
  • Mechanism of Action: inc. intracellular Na, Ca -> mitochondrial swelling and death especially in muscle cells
  • Diagnosis: Inc. Muscle enzymes, myoglobinuria
    Inc. AST, CK, LDH, ALP, BUN, Bilirubin
    Dec. K, Ca (esp. horses)
  • Treatment: just stop feeding ionophores. supportive care.
  • recovered animals may die due to exercise intolerance
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3
Q

_____ are most susceptible to phenoacetic acid herbicides (brand is especially toxic)

A

dogs (Silvex)

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4
Q

Treatment Phenoacetic acid herbicide toxicity

A

emesis/lavage
bath
activated charcoal
Ion trapping to enhance secretion

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5
Q

Ergot alkaloids are produce in _____ by Claviceps purprea, similar to alkaloids produced by endophytic fungi in tall fescue. Infected grains have ______.

A
small grains (barley, rye)
black tips
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6
Q

Alkaloids are ____________ agonists which produce hallucinations and leads to decreased prolactin secretion by the pituitary.
Alpha-adrenergic antagonist mechanism -> contraction in uterus and peripheral vasculature, causing _________

A

dopamine serotonin agonists.

abortion and ischemia

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7
Q

Ergotism treatment

A

remove source

Mares - metoclopromide and domperidone increase prolactin secretion and normalize gestation

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8
Q

Ionophores are used an an ______ in the beef and dairy industry to prevent coccidiosis and prevent bloat

A

antibiotic

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9
Q

What species is most susceptible to ionophore toxicity?
least?
(Usually a feed mixing error)

A

horses

poultry

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10
Q

Clinical Signs of ionophore toxicity 12-72 hours after ingestion

A

in-coordinated and weak
anorexia, colic, profuse sweating
(cattle similar but with diarrhea and respiratory difficulty)

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11
Q

Tetanus mostly affects _____ via spores in _____.

Toxins block the release of ____ and ____ causing overstimulation of muscle, stiffness and tetany. .

A

Cattle; puncture wounds.

Clostridium toxin blocks the release of GABA and glycine (which are inhibitory)

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12
Q

unsteady gait with stiff held out tail, twitching and tremors, lockjaw, reluctance to move.
Bloat also common in ruminants.

A

Tetanus

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13
Q

Clostridium botulinum (tetanus) treatment?

A

antitoxin only in very early stages, supportive care.

poor prognosis.

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14
Q

Botulism, snake venom, OP insectisides, strychnine are all common toxins for

A

ventilatory muscle paralysis

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15
Q

respiratory center depressive toxins

A

barbituates, opiotes
ethylene glycol
hypnotics, sedatives, tricyclic anti-depressants, crude oil

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