Musculoskeletal

Question 1

Sternum

Answer 1

The breastbone in centre of chest Flat bone

Question 2

Clavicles

Answer 2

Strut between shoulder blade and sternum Irregular bones

Question 3

Sternoclavicular joint

Answer 3

The sternoclavicular joint occurs between the proximal end of the clavicle and the clavicular notch of the manubrium of the sternum together with a small part of the first costal cartilage.

Question 4

Acriomioclavicular joint

Answer 4

The acromioclavicular joint, or AC joint, is a joint at the top of the shoulder. It is the junction between the acromion (part of the scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder) and the clavicle. It is a plane synovial join

Question 5

Olecranon

Answer 5

The olecranon is the bony point of the elbow (proximal end of ulna)

Question 6

Epichondyles

Answer 6

a rounded protuberance at the end of a bone, serving as a place of attachment for ligaments, tendons, and muscles. (lateral and medial) on elbow

Question 7

Radius

Answer 7

The radius or radial bone is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna, which exceeds it in length and size Long bone

Question 8

Ulnar

Answer 8

The ulna is located on the opposite side of the forearm from the thumb. It joins with the humerus on its larger end to make the elbow joint, and joins with the carpal bones of the hand at its smaller end. Together with the radius, the ulna enables the wrist joint to rotate Long bone

Question 9

Carpals

Answer 9

A set of eight irregularly shaped bones. These are located in the wrist area

Question 10

Metacarpals

Answer 10

There are five metacarpals, each one related to a digit Long bone

Question 11

Phalanges of the hand

Answer 11

The bones of the fingers. Each finger has three phalanges, except for the thumb, which has two. Long bones

Question 12

Metacarpal phalngeal joints

Answer 12

joints between the metacarpal bones and the phalanges of the fingers

Question 13

Scaphoid

Answer 13

a large carpal bone articulating with the radius below the thumb. Irregular bone

Question 14

Interphalangeal joints

Answer 14

The interphalangeal articulations of the hand are the hinge joints between the phalanges of the hand. There are two sets (except in the thumb): “proximal interphalangeal joints” (PIJ) and distal interphalangeal joints (DIJ)

Question 15

Number of vertebrae per section of spine

Answer 15

Cervical = 7 Throacic = 12 Lumbar = 5 Sacral = 5 fused Coccygeal = 4 fused Total = 33

Question 16

Iliac crest

Answer 16

The iliac crest is the curved superior border of the ilium, the largest of the three bones that merge to form the os coxa, or pelvic bone

Question 17

Greater trochanter

Answer 17

The greater trochanter is the knob-like lateral projection at the proximal end of the femur. It serves as the site of attachment for the gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemellus, and obturator externus muscles.

Question 18

Lesser Trochanter

Answer 18

The lesser trochanter is the smaller posterior projecting protuberance at the medial base of the femoral neck.

Question 19

Patella

Answer 19

knee cap Short bone

Question 20

Popiliteal fossa

Answer 20

The popliteal fossa is the fat filled, diamond-shaped fossa on the posterior surface of the knee joint. Its boundaries are the flexor tendons of the knee superiorly and the two heads of the gastrocnemius inferiorly.

Question 21

Collateral ligaments

Answer 21

Collateral Ligaments. These are found on the sides of your knee. The medial or “inside” collateral ligament (MCL) connects the femur to the tibia. The lateral or “outside” collateral ligament (LCL) connects the femur to the smaller bone in the lower leg (fibula).

Question 22

Achilles tendon

Answer 22

AKA Calacaneal tendon The tendo calcaneus is the thickest tendon in the body. It begins near the middle of the calf as the compound tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. It begins as a broad flat aponeurosis formed by the two bellies of the gastrocnemius, which is joined by the soleus as it descends in the leg. About four centimeters above the calcaneus it becomes thick and rounded before expanding again to insert into the tuber of the calcaneus.

Question 23

Malleolus

Answer 23

Malleolus definition, the bony protuberance on either side of the ankle, at the lower end of the fibula or of the tibia

Question 24

Calcaneus

Answer 24

Heel bone Irregular bone

Question 25

Tarsals

Answer 25

A set of seven irregularly shaped bones. They are situated proximally in the foot, in the ankle area. Irregular bones

Question 26

Metatarsals

Answer 26

These bones connect the phalanges to the tarsals. There are five in number – one for each digit. Long bones

Question 27

Phalanges of the foot

Answer 27

The bones of the toes. Each toe has three phalanges – a proximal, intermediate and distal (except the big toe, which only has two phalanges). Long bones

Question 28

Overall Mussculoskeletal Assessment

Answer 28

Focussed History

Focused Spine Assessment

• Inspect, Palpate, Articulate

Focussed Limb Assessment

• Inspect Palpate Articulate

Question 29

Musculoskeletal Focused History

Answer 29

1. Pain
2. Restricted Movements
3. Swelling
4. Redness (erythema)
5. Injury
6. Illness (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis)
7. History of falls
8. Surgery

Question 30

Focussed Spine Asssessment (Inspection)

Answer 30

• Shape

1. Kyphosis
2. Scoliosis
3. Lordosis

• Scarring
• Bruising
• Deformity

Question 31

Focussed Spine Assessment (Palpation)

Answer 31

Feeling for:

1. Pain
2. Tenderness
3. Swelling
4. Deformity

Regions:

1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
5. ** Not coccygeal in OSCE

Question 32

Focussed Spine Assessment (Articulation)

Answer 32

Regions:

1. Cervical
2. Lumbar

Movements:

1. Flexion (forwards)
2. Extension (backwards)
3. Lateral flexion (down)
4. Lateral extension (up)
5. Rotation

Question 33

Focussed Limb Assessment (Inspection)

Answer 33

Shape:

1. Symetry
2. Scaring
3. Swelling

Colour:

1. Errythema
2. Pallor
3. Bruising

Muscle:

1. Atrophy
2. Spasm
3. Tremor
   4.

Question 34

Focussed Limb Assessment (Palpate)

Answer 34

1. Sensation (Pain, tenderness, parasthesia, numbness)
2. Temperature (Hot/cold)
3. Perfusion (Colour warmth, pulses, cap refill)
4. Swelling
5. Crepitus

Question 35

Focussed Limb Assessment (Articulation)

Answer 35

1. Active range of motion
2. Passive range of motion
3. Against resistance
4. Joint stability
5. End feel

** special tests not in OSCE

Question 36

Shoulder movements

Answer 36

1. Flexion (forwards and up)
2. Extension (Back down)
3. Hyper extension (Back and up)
4. Abduction (laterally up)
5. Adduction (laterally down)
6. Lateral rotation (elbow flexed - hand away from chest)
7. Medial Rotation (elbow flexed - hand towards chest)

Question 37

Wrist Movements

Answer 37

1. Flexion (palm towards body)
2. Extension (palm away from body)
3. Ulnar deviation (hand towards ulnar)
4. Radial deviation
5. Pronation (palm down)
6. Supination (palm up)

Question 38

Hip movements

Answer 38

1. Flexion (forwards and up)
2. Extension (Back down)
3. Hyper extension (Back and up)
4. Abduction (laterally up)
5. Adduction (laterally down)
6. Lateral rotation (knee flexed - knee towards chest)
7. Medial Rotation (knee flexed - knee away from chest)

Question 39

Ankle Movments

Answer 39

1. Dorsiflexion (towards body)
2. Plantar flexion (away from body)
3. Inversion (Base of foot inwards)
4. Eversion (Base of foot outwards)

Question 40

Define: Circumduction

Answer 40

Conical movement of a limb extending from a joint

Question 41

Hand movements

Answer 41

1. Flexion of phalanges
2. extension of phalanges
3. Abduction of phalanges
4. Adduction of phalanges
5. Opposition of fingers to thumb