Musculoskeletal Flashcards
Sternum
The breastbone in centre of chest Flat bone
Clavicles
Strut between shoulder blade and sternum Irregular bones
Sternoclavicular joint
The sternoclavicular joint occurs between the proximal end of the clavicle and the clavicular notch of the manubrium of the sternum together with a small part of the first costal cartilage.
Acriomioclavicular joint
The acromioclavicular joint, or AC joint, is a joint at the top of the shoulder. It is the junction between the acromion (part of the scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder) and the clavicle. It is a plane synovial join
Olecranon
The olecranon is the bony point of the elbow (proximal end of ulna)
Epichondyles
a rounded protuberance at the end of a bone, serving as a place of attachment for ligaments, tendons, and muscles. (lateral and medial) on elbow
Radius
The radius or radial bone is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna, which exceeds it in length and size Long bone
Ulnar
The ulna is located on the opposite side of the forearm from the thumb. It joins with the humerus on its larger end to make the elbow joint, and joins with the carpal bones of the hand at its smaller end. Together with the radius, the ulna enables the wrist joint to rotate Long bone
Carpals
A set of eight irregularly shaped bones. These are located in the wrist area
Metacarpals
There are five metacarpals, each one related to a digit Long bone
Phalanges of the hand
The bones of the fingers. Each finger has three phalanges, except for the thumb, which has two. Long bones
Metacarpal phalngeal joints
joints between the metacarpal bones and the phalanges of the fingers
Scaphoid
a large carpal bone articulating with the radius below the thumb. Irregular bone
Interphalangeal joints
The interphalangeal articulations of the hand are the hinge joints between the phalanges of the hand. There are two sets (except in the thumb): “proximal interphalangeal joints” (PIJ) and distal interphalangeal joints (DIJ)
Number of vertebrae per section of spine
Cervical = 7 Throacic = 12 Lumbar = 5 Sacral = 5 fused Coccygeal = 4 fused Total = 33
Iliac crest
The iliac crest is the curved superior border of the ilium, the largest of the three bones that merge to form the os coxa, or pelvic bone
Greater trochanter
The greater trochanter is the knob-like lateral projection at the proximal end of the femur. It serves as the site of attachment for the gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemellus, and obturator externus muscles.
Lesser Trochanter
The lesser trochanter is the smaller posterior projecting protuberance at the medial base of the femoral neck.
Patella
knee cap Short bone
Popiliteal fossa
The popliteal fossa is the fat filled, diamond-shaped fossa on the posterior surface of the knee joint. Its boundaries are the flexor tendons of the knee superiorly and the two heads of the gastrocnemius inferiorly.
Collateral ligaments
Collateral Ligaments. These are found on the sides of your knee. The medial or “inside” collateral ligament (MCL) connects the femur to the tibia. The lateral or “outside” collateral ligament (LCL) connects the femur to the smaller bone in the lower leg (fibula).
Achilles tendon
AKA Calacaneal tendon The tendo calcaneus is the thickest tendon in the body. It begins near the middle of the calf as the compound tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. It begins as a broad flat aponeurosis formed by the two bellies of the gastrocnemius, which is joined by the soleus as it descends in the leg. About four centimeters above the calcaneus it becomes thick and rounded before expanding again to insert into the tuber of the calcaneus.
Malleolus
Malleolus definition, the bony protuberance on either side of the ankle, at the lower end of the fibula or of the tibia
Calcaneus
Heel bone Irregular bone
Tarsals
A set of seven irregularly shaped bones. They are situated proximally in the foot, in the ankle area. Irregular bones
Metatarsals
These bones connect the phalanges to the tarsals. There are five in number – one for each digit. Long bones
Phalanges of the foot
The bones of the toes. Each toe has three phalanges – a proximal, intermediate and distal (except the big toe, which only has two phalanges). Long bones
Overall Mussculoskeletal Assessment
Focussed History
Focused Spine Assessment
- Inspect, Palpate, Articulate
Focussed Limb Assessment
- Inspect Palpate Articulate
Musculoskeletal Focused History
- Pain
- Restricted Movements
- Swelling
- Redness (erythema)
- Injury
- Illness (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis)
- History of falls
- Surgery
Focussed Spine Asssessment (Inspection)
- Shape
- Kyphosis
- Scoliosis
- Lordosis
- Scarring
- Bruising
- Deformity
Focussed Spine Assessment (Palpation)
Feeling for:
- Pain
- Tenderness
- Swelling
- Deformity
Regions:
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- ** Not coccygeal in OSCE
Focussed Spine Assessment (Articulation)
Regions:
- Cervical
- Lumbar
Movements:
- Flexion (forwards)
- Extension (backwards)
- Lateral flexion (down)
- Lateral extension (up)
- Rotation
Focussed Limb Assessment (Inspection)
Shape:
- Symetry
- Scaring
- Swelling
Colour:
- Errythema
- Pallor
- Bruising
Muscle:
- Atrophy
- Spasm
- Tremor
4.
Focussed Limb Assessment (Palpate)
- Sensation (Pain, tenderness, parasthesia, numbness)
- Temperature (Hot/cold)
- Perfusion (Colour warmth, pulses, cap refill)
- Swelling
- Crepitus
Focussed Limb Assessment (Articulation)
- Active range of motion
- Passive range of motion
- Against resistance
- Joint stability
- End feel
** special tests not in OSCE
Shoulder movements
- Flexion (forwards and up)
- Extension (Back down)
- Hyper extension (Back and up)
- Abduction (laterally up)
- Adduction (laterally down)
- Lateral rotation (elbow flexed - hand away from chest)
- Medial Rotation (elbow flexed - hand towards chest)
Wrist Movements
- Flexion (palm towards body)
- Extension (palm away from body)
- Ulnar deviation (hand towards ulnar)
- Radial deviation
- Pronation (palm down)
- Supination (palm up)
Hip movements
- Flexion (forwards and up)
- Extension (Back down)
- Hyper extension (Back and up)
- Abduction (laterally up)
- Adduction (laterally down)
- Lateral rotation (knee flexed - knee towards chest)
- Medial Rotation (knee flexed - knee away from chest)
Ankle Movments
- Dorsiflexion (towards body)
- Plantar flexion (away from body)
- Inversion (Base of foot inwards)
- Eversion (Base of foot outwards)
Define: Circumduction
Conical movement of a limb extending from a joint
Hand movements
- Flexion of phalanges
- extension of phalanges
- Abduction of phalanges
- Adduction of phalanges
- Opposition of fingers to thumb
