Musculoskeletal Flashcards
What are the bones in the Axial Skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, sternum & ribs.
What are the bones in the Appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the shoulder & hip girdles, upper & lower limbs.
What are the TWO divisions of the Skeleton?
Axial and Appendicular
What are the FIVE bone shapes?
Flat, Long, Short, Sesamoid, irregular.
What are Sutures?
Immovable, fibrous joint between the skull bones.
What is the function of the Paranasal sinuses?
Lighten the skull, sound resonance, humidify and warms air.
What are the Cranial bones?
Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital.
What are the Facial bones?
Nasal, Zygomatic, Maxilla, Mandible.
How many vertebrae are in each section?
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacrum: 5
Coccyx: 5
What is the structure of the Vertebra?
Body, vertebral arch, vertebral process, Vertebral foramen, Intervertebral foramen.
What is the function of the Vertebral foramen?
Contains and protects the spinal cord.
What is the function of the Intervertebral foramen?
Contains spinal nerves and vessels.
What is the function of Intervertebral discs?
Absorb compressive force and allow movement of the vertebral column.
What are THREE abnormal spinal curvatures?
•Scoliosis
•Kyphosis
•Lordosis
What is Scoliosis?
Abnormal lateral curvature of thoracic region.
What is Kyphosis?
Dorsal exaggerated thoracic curvature.
What is Lordosis?
Accentuated lumbar curve.
What are the THREE fused bones in the Pelvic bone?
Ilium, pubis, & ischium.
What are the THREE portions of a Long bone?
The Diaphysis,
The Epiphysis,
The Metaphyses.
What is the Diaphysis?
Shaft of a Long bone
What is the Epiphysis?
Proximal and Distal ends of a long bone.
What is the Metaphyses?
Growth area of a long bone.
What is the Periosteum?
Tough, outer fibrous layer of bones.
inner layer of osteoblasts, blood vessels and nerves.
What is Compact bone?
Dense, solid external surface of bones.
What is Spongy bone?
Interior of bones, & ends of long bones.
Lightweight with trabeculae which protect bone marrow
What is the structure of Cartilage?
chondrocytes, collagen fibres gel-like ground substance.
No nerves or blood vessels apart from in perichondrium
What is the function of Fibrocartilage?
absorb compressive force & permit movement.
What are the molecules responsible for the reabsorption of bone?
Osteoclasts
What are the molecules responsible for the deposit of bone?
Osteoblasts
What hormone is released when blood calcium is too low?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What hormone is released when blood calcium is too high?
Calcitonin
What are the THREE types of Joint?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
How much movement can a Fibrous joint allow?
Little to no movement
How much movement can a Cartilaginous joint allow?
Small amounts of movement
How much movement can a Synovial joint allow?
Full, free movement
What is the purpose of Articular cartilage in a Synovial joint?
Prevents friction & absorbs shock
What is the purpose of the Synovial cavity & Synovial fluid?
Prevents friction
What is the purpose of the Articular capsule?
a tough, flexible fibrous layer that strengthens the joint.
What is the purpose of Reinforcing ligaments?
Main mechanical structures which hold bones together.
What is the purpose of Menisci?
Allow two bones of different shapes to fit together.
What is the purpose of Bursae?
saclike fluid-filled structures which reduce friction
What is a Sprain?
twisting of joint that stretches or tears ligaments
What is a Dislocation?
displacement of a bone from a joint
What are the different types of Synovial joint?
Hinge joint,
Ball and socket joint,
What is a Hinge joint?
convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of other bone.
Movements produced: flexion &
extension.
E.g. elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal joints
What is a Ball and Socket joint?
Joint Ball fits into a cup-like socket.
E.g. shoulder & hip.
What is some age-related changes to joint function?
- Decreased production of synovial fluid
- Thinning of the articular cartilage resulting in osteoarthritis
- Loss of ligament length and flexibility
What are the THREE different types of Muscle?
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth.
What is Skeletal muscle?
attached to bones. Striated & voluntary
What is Cardiac muscle?
forms the wall of the heart. Striated & involuntary
What is Smooth muscle?
Visceral muscle: located in walls of some viscera and hollow organs. Non-striated (smooth) & involuntary
What are the special characteristics of muscle tissue?
Electrically excitable,
Ability to contract,
Stretch without damage (cardiac & smooth)
Elasticity (can return to original shape after contraction)
What is a Tendon?
a cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone
How does Muscle Contraction occur?
(simple explanation)
Muscle contracts, or shortens, as the thin actin filaments are pulled past the thick myosin filaments using ATP.
What is a Prime mover muscle?
a muscle that contracts to cause the desired movement
What is an Antagonist muscle?
a muscle that reverses the action of the prime mover.
What is Muscle Tone?
is the constant state of mild contraction caused by spinal reflexes that activate alternating groups of
motor units.
What does Smooth muscle tone do?
Maintains blood pressure.
What are TWO muscle abnormalities?
Atrophy, Hypertrophy
What is Atrophy?
The wasting away of muscle tissue
What is Hypertrophy?
is an increase in the diameter of muscle fibers resulting from very forceful, repetitive muscular activity
What are the main functions of Muscle?
- produce movement
- maintain posture and stabilise joints & body positions
- Regulate organ volumes (sphincters)
- move substances within the body (blood, urine, air, food & fluids, sperm)
- produce heat (skeletal muscle activity & shivering)
- protect underlying structures (abdominal organs)
What is an age-related concern involving muscle?
progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, which is replaced by fibrous connective tissue &
fat.
