Immuntiy and Vaccine

Question 1

How can adaptive (specific) immunity be gained?

Answer 1

1- Natural:
a: active (encountering antigen)
b: passive (antibody transfer naturally)
2- Artificial:
a: active (vaccination)
b: passive (antibody transfer via artificial means)

Question 2

What is Natural passive immunity?

Answer 2

Immunity gained from antibodies passed through breast milk or placenta.
•Mother to Baby.

Question 3

What is Natural active immunity?

Answer 3

Immunity gained from illness and recovery.

Question 4

What is Artificial passive immunity?

Answer 4

Immunity gained through antibodies harvested from another organism.

Question 5

What is Artificial active immunity?

Answer 5

Immunity gained from vaccine.

Question 6

What are the different types of Vaccine?

Answer 6

Live, attenuated vaccine.
Killed, whole microbes,
Portion of microbes,
Toxoids (inactive toxins)

Question 7

What are Live, attenuated vaccine?

Answer 7

Eg: measles, mump & rubella (MMR)
•Microbe is alive but has been weakened (low virulence)
•Can multiply and produce a mild or sub clinical infection.
•Life long immunity, no booster.
•Most effective.
•Minute risk of organism mutation & increased virulence.

Question 8

What are Killed, microbe vaccines?

Answer 8

Eg: Cholera & typhoid.
•Vaccine consists of whole, killed organism that still provoke an immune response.
•Unable to multiply,
•Does not provoke a strong immune response.
•Requires several boosters.

Question 9

What is a Subunit (portion) vaccine?

Answer 9

Eg: HepB, whooping cough.
•Vaccine consists of only a portion of a microbe.
•Requires several boosters.
•Cannot reproduce
•Fewer adverse effects.

Question 10

What is a Toxoid vaccine?

Answer 10

Eg: Tetanus, diphtheria.
•Inactive toxins,
•stimulate immune system to make antitoxins.
•Requires several boosters.

Question 11

What are the most common side-effects of vaccine?

Answer 11

•Redness & swelling at the site of injection.
•pain and mild fever
•rarely, anaphylaxis.

Question 12

Who should live, attenuated vaccines not be given to?

Answer 12

Immunocompromised people,
pregnant people.

Question 13

What is Herd immunity?

Answer 13

Results when most of the population is vaccinated.
•protects those without immunity as those who are immune will not transfer nor carry the disease.

Question 14

What are FIVE undesirable responses of the immune system?

Answer 14

1- Hypersensitivity: Allergy, anaphylaxis.
2- Autoimmune disorder: attack of self cells.
3- Immunocompromised: risk from minor disease.
4- Reaction to transported material.
5- Chronic inflammation: asthma.