Musculoskeletal Flashcards
Sensory/perceptual system
AFFERENT NERVES
provide sensory information about the body and environment
Efferent nerves provide what type of stimulation
neuromuscular and biomechanical system control the executive of functional movement
Precision medicine
A form of medicine that uses information about a person’s genes proteins environments and lifestyle to prevent diagnose or treat disease
INCLUDES AGE
Primary motor Cortex
Controls speed and force of movement
Supplemental motor area
Involved in pre-planning movements
Premotor cortex
Visually guided movements
Cerebellum
Coordinates movements based on accuracy timing and intensity
Basal ganglia
Controls posture and adaptation to varying tasks or environments
Motor unit
One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Embryonic period
0 to 60 days
( about 8 weeks)
Fetal period
Day 60 and on
( 8 weeks and on )
Gastrulation
A phase in embryonic development where a single layered blastula is reorganized in a trigeminal structure known as gastrula
Typically when do females know they are pregnant
6-8 weeks
Ectoderm
Nervous system
Epidermis of the skin
Mesoderm
Skeletal muscle cells
Notochord
Cardiac muscle
Endoderm
Lung cells
Pancreatic cells
Thyroid cells
Type 1 muscle fibers
Slow twitch
Dev at 21 weeks of gestation
Type II
fast twitch
Dev at 30 week gestation
Dermatomes
Relates to how our sense are related to a certain level in the spine
Myotomes
Relates to how our muscles movements are related to a certain level in the spine
At birth what percent of mass is made up of muscle ?
25 %
At the ages of 5-17 what mass percentage consists of muscle mass for male and female?
Males 41-53%
Female 41-42%
Peak strength is seen at what ages ?
20s -30s young adulthood
Muscles mass declines at what percentage at age 30?
5%
Between 50 -70 what percentage of strength decrease ?
30 %
Sarcopenia
Loss of muscle mass and function
Decrease in
Number of fibers
Mass of fibers
Number of functional motor units
Senile muscular atrophy
Muscle wasting
Greater decline in trunk and lower extremities
Dev from proximal to distal
Which fiber type has an increased rate of loss in older adults type II or type I
type II
Functions of bone
Provides structural support
Store minerals
(calcium and phosphorus)
Stores blood producing cells in bone marrow
Acts as a lever for movement
Diaphysis
Shaft of long bone
Epiphysis
End of a long bone
Epiphyseal plate
Area where bone grows
Epiphyseal lines
Are where epiphyseal plates have fused together
Growth is not possible
All bones and cartilage develop from what type of cell ?
Mesenchyme
At what week does the cartilage model form ?
Week 6
At what week does the primary ossification center develop ?
7-11 th week
When does the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate form
After birth
Risser sign
Evaluates how mature the skeleton is by looking at the bone growth on the iliac crest
Typically used for scoliosis
When does the posterior fontanelle close ?
2-3 months
When does the anterior fontanelle close ?
12-18 months
When does the typical growth spurt occur in males and females
Males 14-15 yrs
Females 12-14 yrs
All epiphyseal plates close at what age ?
25
What can happen if there is a fracture along an epiphyseal plate ?
Can lead to asymmetrical growth of that joint
What therapeutic modality is contraindicated over an epiphyseal plate ?
Ultrasound
At what age does bone resorption exceed bone formation
50 yrs
What hormone is associated with loss of bone mass ?
Loss or decrease in estrogen
Ostopenia
Bone mineral density is lower than normal but not enough to be considered osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Softening of bone
What structural changes occur to the catilage matrix
Hyaline cartilage replaced by fibrocartilage
Water content dec
Extracellular matrix becomes rigid
Congenital hip dysplasia
Atypical dev of the hips
Head of the femur does not properly sit in the socket
Club foot
Congenital deformity
Pointed foot and inverted
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
A slippage of the femoral head due to damage to the growth plate
