MUSCULAR SYSTEM PT. 3 Flashcards
What muscle extends the thigh at the hip joint?
Semitendinosus
What muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve?
Semitendinosus
What muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity?
Semimembranosus
What muscle inserts into the medial condyle of the tibia?
Semimembranosus
What muscle flexes the leg at the knee joint and extends the thigh at the hip joint?
Semimembranosus
What muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve from the sciatic nerve?
Semimembranosus
A strain or partial tear of the proximal hamstring muscles is referred to as
pulled hamstrings or hamstring strains
are common sports injuries in individuals who run very hard and/or are required to perform quick starts and stops. Sometimes the violent muscu lar exertion required to perform a feat tears away a part of the tendinous origins of the hamstrings, especially the biceps fem oris, from the ischial tuberosity. This is usually accompanied by a contusion (bruising), tearing of some of the muscle fibers, and rupture of blood vessels, producing a hematoma (collection of blood) and sharp pain. Adequate training with good balance between the quad riceps femoris and hamstrings and stretch ing exercises before running or competing are important in pre venting this injury
pulled hamstrings or hamstring strains
The muscles of the leg, like those of the thigh, are divided by deep fascia into three compartments:
anterior, lateral, and posterior.
consists of muscles that dorsiflex the foot.
anterior compartment of the leg
In a situation anal ogous to the wrist, the tendons of the muscles of the anterior compartment are held firmly to the ankle by thickenings of deep fascia called the
superior extensor retinaculum and inferior extensor retinaculum
is a long, thick muscle against the lateral surface of the tibia, where it is easy to palpate (feel)
tibialis anterior
is a thin muscle between and partly deep to the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles. This featherlike muscle is lateral to the tibialis anterior muscle, where it can also be pal pated easily.
extensor hallucis longus
is part of the extensor digitorum longus, with which it shares a common origin
fibularis (peroneus) tertius
consists of muscles in superficial and deep groups.
posterior compartment of the leg
The superficial muscles share a common tendon of insertion, the ___, strongest tendon of the body
calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
The superficial muscles of the posterior compartment are the
triceps surae and plantaris
refers to the calf muscles and is com posed of the lateral and medical heads of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. The large size of these muscles is directly related to the characteristic upright stance of humans.
triceps surae
is the most superficial muscle and forms the prominence of the calf.
gastrocne mius
lies deep to the gastrocnemius, is broad and flat. It derives its name from its resemblance to a flatfish (sole).
soleus
is a small muscle that may be absent; conversely, sometimes there are two of them in each leg. It runs obliquely between the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.
plantaris
are the popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus.
deep muscles of the posterior compartment
is a triangular muscle that forms the floor of the popliteal fossa.
popliteus
is the deepest muscle in the posterior compartment. It lies between the flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus muscles.
tibialis posterior
The ___ is smaller than the flexor hallucis longus, even though the former flexes four toes and the latter flexes only the great toe at the interphalangeal joint.
flexor digitorum longus
The superficial muscles of the posterior compartment share a common tendon of insertion, the ___, which inserts into the calcaneal bone of the ankle.
calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Arrange the muscles in this section according to the follow ing actions on the foot at the ankle joint
(1) dorsiflexion and (2) plantar flexion;
according to the following actions on the foot at the intertarsal joints:
(1) inversion and (2) eversion
according to the following actions on the toes at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
flexion and extension
What muscle originates from the lateral condyle and body of tibia and interosseous membrane?
Tibialis anterior
What muscle inserts into metatarsal I and first (medial) cuneiform?
Tibialis anterior
What muscle dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint and inverts (supinates) foot at intertarsal joints?
Tibialis anterior
What muscle is innervated by the deep fibular nerve?
Tibialis anterior
What muscle originates from the anterior surface of middle third of fibula and interosseous membrane?
Extensor hallucis longus
What muscle inserts into the distal phalanx of great toe?
Extensor hallucis longus
What muscle dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint and extends proximal phalanx of great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint?
Extensor hallucis longus
What muscle is innervated by the deep fibular nerve?
Extensor hallucis longus
What muscle originates from the lateral condyle of tibia, anterior surface of fibula, and interosseous membrane?
Extensor digitorum longus
What muscle inserts into the middle and distal phalanges of toes 2–5?
Extensor digitorum longus
What muscle dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint and extends distal and middle phalanges of each toe at interphalangeal joints and proximal phalanx of each toe at metatarsophalangeal joint?
Extensor digitorum longus
What muscle is innervated by the deep fibular nerve?
Extensor digitorum longus
What muscle originates from the distal third of fibula and interosseous membrane?
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius
What muscle inserts into the base of metatarsal 5?
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius
What muscle dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint and everts (pronates) foot at intertarsal joints?
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius
What muscle is innervated by the deep fibular nerve?
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius
What muscle originates from the head and body of fibula?
Fibularis (peroneus) longus
What muscle inserts into metatarsal 1 and first cuneiform?
Fibularis (peroneus) longus
What muscle plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and everts (pronates) foot at intertarsal joints?
Fibularis (peroneus) longus
What muscle is innervated by the superficial fibular nerve?
Fibularis (peroneus) longus
What muscle originates from the distal half of body of fibula?
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
What muscle inserts into the base of metatarsal 5?
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
What muscle plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and everts (pronates) foot at intertarsal joints?
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
What muscle is innervated by the superficial fibular nerve?
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
What muscle originates from the lateral condyle of femur and medial condyle of femur and articular capsule of knee?
Gastrocnemius
What muscle inserts into the calcaneus by way of calcaneal tendon?
Gastrocnemius
What muscle plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and flexes leg at knee joint?
Gastrocnemius
What muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve?
Gastrocnemius
What muscle originates from the head of fibula and medial border of tibia?
Soleus
What muscle inserts into the calcaneus by way of calcaneal tendon?
Soleus
What muscle plantar flexes foot at ankle joint?
Soleus
What muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve?
Soleus
What muscle originates from the lateral supracondylar line of femur?
Plantaris
What muscle inserts into the calcaneus medial to calcaneal tendon (occasionally fused with calcaneal tendon)?
Plantaris
What muscle plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and flexes leg at knee joint?
Plantaris
What muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve?
Plantaris
What muscle originates from the lateral condyle of femur?
Popliteus
What muscle inserts into the proximal tibia?
Popliteus
What muscle flexes leg at knee joint and medially rotates tibia to unlock the extended knee?
Popliteus
What muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve?
Popliteus
What muscle originates from the proximal tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane?
Tibialis posterior
What muscle inserts into metatarsals 2–4, navicular, and all three cuneiforms?
Tibialis posterior
What muscle plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and inverts (supinates) foot at intertarsal joints?
Tibialis posterior
What muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve?
Tibialis posterior
What muscle originates from the middle third of posterior surface of tibia?
Flexor digitorum longus
What muscle inserts into the distal phalanges of toes 2–5?
Flexor digitorum longus
What muscle plantar flexes foot at ankle joint, flexes distal and middle phalanges of toes 2–5 at interphalangeal joints, and flexes proximal phalanx of toes 2–5 at metatarsophalangeal joint?
Flexor digitorum longus
What muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve?
Flexor digitorum longus
What muscle originates from the inferior two-thirds of the posterior portion of fibula?
Flexor hallucis longus
What muscle inserts into the distal phalanx of great toe?
Flexor hallucis longus
What muscle plantar flexes foot at ankle joint, flexes distal phalanx of great toe at interphalangeal joint, and flexes proximal phalanx of great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint?
Flexor hallucis longus
What muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve?
Flexor hallucis longus
refers to pain or sore ness along the tibia, specifically the medial, distal two- thirds. It may be caused by tendinitis of the anterior compartment muscles, especially the tibialis anterior muscle, inflammation of the perios teum (periostitis) around the tibia, or stress fractures of the tibia.
Shin splint syndrome, or simply shin splints
usually occurs when poorly conditioned runners run on hard or banked surfaces with poorly supportive running shoes. The condition may also occur with vigorous activity of the legs following a period of relative inactivity or running in cold weather without proper warmup. The muscles in the anterior compart ment (mainly the tibialis anterior) can be strengthened to balance the stronger posterior compartment muscles.
tendinitis
because they originate and insert within the foot
intrinsic muscles of the foot
The deep fascia of the foot forms the ___ that extends from the calcaneus bone to the phalanges of the toes.
plantar aponeurosis (fascia)
supports the longitudinal arch of the foot and encloses the flexor ten dons of the foot.
aponeurosis
The intrinsic muscles of the foot are divided into two groups
dorsal muscles of the foot and plantar muscles of the foot
There are two dorsal muscles
extensor hallu cis brevis and the extensor digitorum brevis
four- part muscle deep to the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus muscle, which extends toes 2–5 at the metatarsopha langeal joints.
extensor digitorum brevis
The plantar muscles are arranged in four layers.
abductor hallucis, quadratus plantae, flexor hallucis brevis, and dorsal interrosei
which lies along the medial border of the sole and is comparable to the abductor pollicis brevis in the hand, abducts the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint.
abductor hallucis
which lies in the middle of the sole, flexes toes II–V at the interphalangeal and metatarsopha langeal joints.
flexor digitorum brevis
which lies along the lateral border of the sole and is comparable to the same muscle in the hand, abducts the little toe.
abductor digiti minimi
The second layer consists of the ____, a rectangular muscle that arises by two heads and flexes toes 2–5 at the metatarsophalangeal joints, and the ___, four small muscles that are similar to the lumbricals in the hands. They flex the proximal phalanges and extend the distal phalan ges of toes 2–5.
quadratus plantae; lumbricals
which lies adjacent to the plantar surface of the meta tarsal of the great toe and is comparable to the same muscle in the hand, flexes the great toe.
flexor hallucis brevis
which has an oblique and transverse head like the adductor pollicis in the hand, adducts the great toe.
adductor hallucis
which lies superficial to the metatarsal of the little toe and is comparable to the same muscle in the hand, flexes the little toe
flexor digiti minimi brevis
The fourth layer is the deepest and consists of two mus cle groups. are four muscles that abduct toes 2– 4, flex the proximal phalanges, and extend the distal phalanges.
dorsal interossei
abduct toes 3–5, flex the proximal phalanges, and extend the dis tal phalanges. The interossei of the feet are similar to those of the hand. However, their actions are relative to the mid line of the second digit rather than the third digit as in the hand
three plantar interossei
Arrange the muscles in this section according to the following actions on the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint:
(1) flexion, (2) extension, (3) abduction, and (4) adduction
according to the following actions on toes II–V at the metatar sophalangeal and interphalangeal joints:
(1) flexion, (2) exten sion, (3) abduction, and (4) adduction
What is the muscle that originates from the calcaneus and inferior extensor retinaculum and inserts into the proximal phalanx of the great toe?
Extensor hallucis brevis
What muscle extends the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint?
Extensor hallucis brevis
What is the muscle that originates from the calcaneus and inferior extensor retinaculum and inserts into the middle phalanges of toes 2–4?
Extensor digitorum brevis
What muscle extends toes 2–4 at interphalangeal joints?
Extensor digitorum brevis
What is the muscle that originates from the calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and flexor retinaculum and inserts into the medial side of the proximal phalanx of the great toe?
Abductor hallucis
What muscle abducts and flexes the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint?
Abductor hallucis
What is the muscle that originates from the calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and flexor retinaculum and inserts into the sides of the middle phalanx of toes 2–5?
Flexor digitorum brevis
What muscle flexes toes 2–5 at proximal interphalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints?
Flexor digitorum brevis
What is the muscle that originates from the calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and flexor retinaculum and inserts into the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the little toe?
Abductor digiti minimi
What muscle abducts and flexes the little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint?
Abductor digiti minimi
What is the muscle that originates from the calcaneus and inserts into the tendon of flexor digitorum longus?
Quadratus plantae
What muscle assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing toes 2–5 at interphalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints?
Quadratus plantae
What is the muscle that originates from the tendons of flexor digitorum longus and inserts into the tendons of extensor digitorum longus on proximal phalanges of toes 2–5?
Lumbricals
What muscle extends toes 2–5 at interphalangeal joints and flexes toes 2–5 at metatarsophalangeal joints?
Lumbricals
What is the muscle that originates from the cuboid and third (lateral) cuneiform and inserts into the medial and lateral sides of the proximal phalanx of the great toe?
Flexor hallucis brevis
What muscle flexes the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint?
Flexor hallucis brevis
What is the muscle that originates from metatarsals 2–4, ligaments of metatarsals 3–5 at metatarsophalangeal joints, and tendon of fibularis (peroneus) longus and inserts into the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the great toe?
Adductor hallucis
What muscle adducts and flexes the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint?
Adductor hallucis
What is the muscle that originates from metatarsal 5 and the tendon of fibularis (peroneus) longus and inserts into the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the little toe?
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
What muscle flexes the little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint?
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
What is the muscle that originates from adjacent sides of all metatarsals and inserts into the proximal phalanges of both sides of toe II and the lateral side of toes 3 and 4?
Dorsal interossei
What muscle abducts and flexes toes 2–4 at metatarsophalangeal joints and extends toes at interphalangeal joints?
Dorsal interossei
What is the muscle that originates from metatarsals 3–5 and inserts into the medial side of proximal phalanges of toes 3–5?
Plantar interossei
What muscle adducts and flexes proximal metatarsophalangeal joints and extends toes at interphalangeal joints?
Plantar interossei
Many individuals who jog or run sustain some type of
running- related injury
Among runners, common sites of injury include
ankle, knee, calcaneal (Achilles) tendon, hip, groin, foot, and back.
often is the most severely injured area
knee
are frequently related to faulty train ing techniques. This may involve improper or lack of suffi cient warm- up routines, running too much, or running too soon after an injury. Or it might involve extended running on hard and/or uneven surfaces. Poorly constructed or worn- out running shoes can also contribute to injury, as can any biomechanical problem (such as a fallen arch) aggravated by running.
Running injuries
Most sports injuries are treated initially with
PRICE (Pro tection, Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation)
Follow- up treatment may include alternating moist heat and ice massage to enhance blood flow in the injured area. Sometimes it is helpful to take nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or to have local injections of corticosteroids. During the recovery period, it is important to keep active, using an alternative fitness program that does not worsen the original injury. This activity should be determined in consultation with a physician. Finally, careful exercise is needed to rehabilitate the injured area itself. Massage therapy may also be used to prevent or treat many sports injuries.
Running injuries
some external or inter nal pressure constricts the structures within a compartment, resulting in damaged blood vessels and subsequent reduc tion of the blood supply (ischemia) to the structures within the compartment.
compartment syndrome
Symptoms include pain, burning, pressure, pale skin, and paralysis. Common causes of compartment syn drome include crushing and penetrating injuries, contusion (damage to subcutaneous tissues without the skin being bro ken), muscle strain (overstretching of a muscle), or an improp erly fitted cast. The pressure increase in the compartment can have serious consequences, such as hemorrhage, tissue injury, and edema (buildup of interstitial fluid).
compartment syndrome
Because deep fasciae (connective tissue coverings) that enclose the compartments are very strong, accumulated blood and interstitial fluid can not escape, and the increased pressure can literally choke off the blood flow and deprive nearby muscles and nerves of oxy gen.
compartment syndrome
a surgical procedure in which muscle fascia is cut to relieve the pressure.
fasciotomy
Without intervention, nerves can suffer damage, and muscles can develop scar tissue that results in permanent shortening of the muscles, a condition called
contracture
. If left untreated, tissues may die and the limb may no longer be able to function. Once the syndrome has reached this stage, ampu tation may be the only treatment option
contracture
is an inflammatory reaction due to chronic irritation of the plantar aponeurosis (fascia) at its attachment on the calcaneus (heel bone). The aponeurosis becomes less elastic with age. This condition is also related to weight- bearing activities (walking, jogging, lifting heavy objects), improperly constructed or fit ting shoes, excess weight (which puts pressure on the feet), and poor biomechanics (flat feet, high arches, and abnormalities in gait that may cause uneven distribution of weight on the feet).
plantar fasciitis (painful heel syndrome)
is the most common cause of heel pain in run ners and arises in response to the repeated impact of running. Treatments include ice, deep heat, stretching exercises, weight loss, prosthetics (such as shoe inserts or heel lifts), steroid injections, and surgery
plantar fasciitis (painful heel syndrome)
Pull of skeletal muscles on attachments to skin of face causes facial expressions. Muscular exercise increases skin blood flow
Integumentary System
Skeletal muscle causes movement of body parts by pulling on attachments to bones. Skeletal muscle provides stability for bones and joints
Skeletal System
Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles carry out commands for the nervous system. Shivering—involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles that is regulated by the brain—generates heat to raise body temperature
Nervous System
Regular activity of skeletal muscles (exercise) improves action and signaling mechanisms of some hormones, such as insulin. Muscles protect some endocrine glands
Endocrine System
Cardiac muscle powers pumping action of heart. Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in blood ves sel walls help adjust the amount of blood flowing through various body tissues. Contraction of skeletal muscles in the legs assists return of blood to the heart. Regular exercise causes cardiac hypertrophy (enlargement) and increases heart’s pumping efficiency. Lactic acid produced by active skeletal muscles may be used for ATP production by the heart
Cardiovascular System
Skeletal muscles protect some lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels and promote flow of lymph plasma inside lymphatic vessels. Exercise may increase or decrease some immune response
Lymphoid (Lymphatic) System and Immunity
Skeletal muscles involved with breathing cause air to flow into and out of the lungs. Smooth muscle fibers adjust size of airways. Vibrations in skeletal muscles of larynx control air flowing past vocal cords, regulating voice production. Coughing and sneezing, due to skeletal muscle contractions, help clear airways. Regular exercise improves efficiency of breathing
Respiratory System
Skeletal muscles protect and support organs in the abdom inal cavity. Alternating contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles power chewing and initiate swallowing. Smooth muscle sphincters control volume of organs of the digestive canal. Smooth muscles in walls of digestive canal mix and move its contents through the tract
Digestive System
Skeletal and smooth muscle sphincters and smooth muscle in wall of urinary bladder control whether urine is stored in the urinary bladder or voided (urination)
Urinary System
Skeletal and smooth muscle contractions eject se men from male. Smooth muscle contractions propel oocyte along uter ine tube, help regulate flow of menstrual blood from uterus, and force baby from uterus during childbirth. During intercourse, skeletal muscle contractions are associated with orgasm and pleasurable sensations in both sexes
Genital (Reproductive) Systems
A popular name for a cramp or stiffness of muscles due to tearing of the muscle, followed by bleeding into the area. It is a common sports injury due to trauma or excessive activity and frequently occurs in the quadriceps femo ris muscle, especially among football players.
Charley horse
Tearing of fibers in a skeletal muscle or its tendon that attaches the muscle to bone. The tearing can also damage small blood vessels, causing local bleeding (bruising) and pain (caused by irritation of nerve endings in the region). Muscle strains usually occur when a muscle is stretched beyond its limit, for exam ple, in response to sudden, quick heavy lifting; during sports activ ities; or while performing work tasks. Also called muscle pull or muscle tear.
Muscle strain
Loss of muscle function (voluntary movement) through injury, disease, or damage to its nerve supply. Most paralysis is due to stroke or spinal cord injury
paralysis
Conditions resulting from over use of equipment, poor posture, poor body mechanics, or activity that requires repeated movements, for example, various condi tions of assembly–line workers. Examples of overuse of equipment include overuse of a computer, hammer, guitar, or piano. Also called repetitive motion injuries.
Repetitive strain injuries (RSIs)
A tumor of skeletal muscle. Usually occurs in children and is highly malignant, with rapid metastasis.
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A con traction or shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle that causes the head to tilt toward the affected side and the chin to rotate toward the opposite side. It may be acquired or congenital. Also called wryneck.
Torticollis
Spasmodic twitching made involuntarily by muscles that are usually under conscious control, for example, twitching of an eyelid.
Tic
