Muscular System Part 2 Flashcards
Specialized muscle tissue that forms in the heart
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue contracts when it’s stimulated by its own
autorhythmic muscle fibers
Cardiac Muscle Tissue is also known as
myocardium
Is the movement of Cardiac Muscle Tissue voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
This connect the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to one another
Intercalated discs
Does the Cardiac Muscle Tissue requires oxygen? Why?
Yes, once there is a depletion or absence of
oxygen, it will be difficult for the heart to pump blood.
These muscle tissues are usually activated involuntarily and are controlled by the nervous system
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Action potentials are spread through the fibers
by ___
gap junctions
Is Smooth Muscle striated or not striated
not striated
Refers to an increase in the number of fibers
Hyperplasia
Growth of skeletal muscle after birth is
due mainly to _____
hypertrophy
Muscles of the body are derived from ____
mesoderm
Columns of mesoderm undergo segmentation
into structures called _____
somites
Region in a somite that forms the skeletal muscles of the head, neck, and limbs
Myotome
Region in a somite that forms the connective tissues, including the dermis of the skin
Dermatome
Region in a somite that gives rise to the vertebrae
Sclerotome
it forms the exoskeleton, and it would give rise to the nervous system and the epidermis.
ectoderm
will give rise to the gut and many internal organs.
endoderm
when you reach the age of 80 the muscle mass decreases where in 50% of the body’s muscle mass will be lost which is referred to as ____
sarcopenia
the attachment to the stationary bone
Origin
the attachment to the moveable bone
Insertion
This muscle is used for the extension of the forearm to the elbow joint
triceps brachii
This muscle is used for the flexion and supination of the forearm to the elbow joint.
biceps brachii
A muscle movement that refers to bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones.
Flexion
A muscle movement that refers to straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones.
Extension
A muscle movement that refers to excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.
Hyperextension
A muscle movement that refers to moving a body part towards the midline of the body.
Adduction
A muscle movement that refers to moving a body part away from the midline of the body.
Abduction
A muscle movement that refers to turing the arm or foot downward (palm or sole of the foot – down).
Pronation
A muscle movement that refers to turning the arm or foot upward (palm or sole of the foot – up).
Supination
A muscle movement that refers to moving a part backward.
Retraction
A muscle movement that refers to moving a part forward.
Protraction
A muscle movement that refers to raising a part.
Elevation
A muscle movement that refers to lowering a part
Depression
A muscle movement that refers to turning on a single axis.
Rotation
A muscle movement that refers to the tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder.
Circumduction
A muscle movement that refers to the rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline.
Internal rotation
A muscle movement that refers to the rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline.
External rotation
A muscle movement that refers to the side bending left or right.
Lateral Flexion
Bones serve as ______ and joint serve as _____
levers; fulcrums
The fulcrum is in the middle of the effort and the load.
First-class lever
The load is found at the middle of the fulcrum and the effort.
Second-class lever
The effort is in between the fulcrum and the load
Third-class lever
A fascicle arrangement wherein the fascicles are collateral to longitudinal axis of muscle; terminate at either end in flat tendons.
Parallel
A fascicle arrangement wherein the fascicles are nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle, terminate in flat tendons; muscle tapers toward tendons, where diameter is less than at belly.
Fusiform
A fascicle arrangement wherein the fascicles are in concentric disk-like arrangements form sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice (opening).
Circular
A fascicle arrangement wherein the fascicles spread over broad area converge at thick central tendon.
Triangular
A fascicle arrangement wherein the fascicles are short in relation to total muscle length; tendon extends nearly entire length of muscle.
Pennate
3 types of Pennate Fascicle Arrangement and differentiate the three.
Unipennate - Fascicles arranged on only one side of tendon.
Bipennate - Fascicles arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons.
Multipennate - Fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons.
contracts to cause an action and can produce most of the force during the particular joint action
Agonist/prime mover
stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover or the muscles that oppose the prime
movers
Antagonist
prevents unwanted movement and can produce more power than a single larger muscle
Synergist
Large class of drugs in which its mechanism of action is to work by reducing the body’s production of the chemicals called the prostaglandins
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
These are hormone-like substances that can
trigger inflammation, fever, and pain.
Prostaglandins
_____ are the injuries due to the over stretched muscles or tendons
Strains
is a more serious injury that can result in the tearing of the tendons, ligaments, and some cases the cartilages of the joints
Sprains
usually develops after a severe injury such as a car accident or broken bones
Acute compartment syndrome
It is a compartment syndrome that refers to the
pain and swelling caused by the exercise and are not severe and dangerous for the body.
Chronic compartment syndrome
This is a painful heel condition that results from chronic irritation of the plantar aponeurosis at its origin on the calcaneus
Plantar Fasciitis
Affects the gastrointestinal tract and various muscle groups.
Botulism
Fairly common condition that causes chronic pain primarily in joints, muscles, and tendons.
Fibromyalgia
Inherited disorder characterized by muscle weakness and a loss of muscle tissue.
Muscular Dystrophy
Autoimmune condition in which patients experience muscle weakness
Myasthenia gravis
A condition in which the kidney becomes damaged after serious muscle injuries.
Rhabdomyolysis
Painful inflammation of a tendon.
Tendonitis
Acquired or congenital; spasm or shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle; head bends to affected side and chin rotates to opposite side.
Torticollis
Viral infection of the nerves that control skeletal muscle movement.
Poliomyelitis
Direction: _____; Meaning: Parallel to midline
Rectus
Direction: _____; Meaning: Perpendicular to midline
Transverse
Direction: _____; Meaning: Diagonal to midline
oblique
Size: ____; Meaning: Long
Longus
Size: ____; Meaning: Short
Brevis
Size: ____; Meaning: Widest
Latissimus
Size: ____; Meaning: Longest
Longissimus
Size: ____; Meaning: Huge
Vastus
Shape____; Meaning: Comblike
Pectinate
Shape____; Meaning: Circular
Orbicularis
Shape____; Meaning: Saw-toothed
Serratus
Shape____; Meaning: Pear-shaped
Piriformis
Shape____; Meaning: Slender
Gracilis
