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Anaphy ni bebe > Muscular System Part 1 > Flashcards

Muscular System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

There are estimated over _____ muscles particularly the skeletal muscles in the body.

A

650

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2
Q

Alternating light and dark bands (striations) as seen when examined with a microscope.

A

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle is referred to as the

A

striated muscle

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue works mainly in what manner?

A

voluntary manner

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5
Q

Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones via
the ____

A

tendons

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6
Q

Type of muscle tissue that is found only in the walls of the heart

A

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

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7
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue is also referred to as the

A

myocardium

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8
Q

What is a pericardium?

A

It is a protective sac that surrounds the heart

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9
Q

Myocardium is located within the inner
lining of the heart which is the ____?

A

endocardium

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10
Q

Is Cardiac Muscle Tissue Non-striated or Striated?

A

Striated

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11
Q

Movement or action of the cardiac muscle tissue

A

involuntary

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12
Q

It is located in the walls of hollow internal
structures.

A

Smooth Muscle Tissue

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13
Q

Movement or action of the smooth muscle tissue

A

Usually involuntary

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14
Q

Four human body systems where smooth muscle tissues can be found

A

digestive system, respiratory system, renal system, and reproductive system

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15
Q

This is what the cell of the smooth muscle tissue contains that can connect to the neighboring cells which form in nest like network in which allow the cell to contract uniformly

A

filaments

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16
Q

Functions of Muscular Tissue

A

Producing Body Movements, Stabilizing Body Positions, Moving Substances Within the Body, Generating heat

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17
Q

A property of muscular tissue that pertains to the ability to respond to stimuli

A

Excitability

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18
Q

A property of muscular tissue that pertains to the ability to contract forcefully when stimulated

A

Contractility

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19
Q

A property of muscular tissue that pertains to the ability to stretch without being damaged

A

Extensibility

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20
Q

A property of muscular tissue that pertains to the ability to return to an original length.

A

Elasticity

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21
Q

It is a connective tissue component that is a dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue that surrounds bundles of muscles fibers.

A

Fascia/Fascicle

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22
Q

It is a connective tissue component that is the outermost layer, which Separates 10-100 muscle fibers into bundles called fascicles.

A

Epimysium

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23
Q

It is a connective tissue component that encircles also a group of muscle fibers
that form a fascicle

A

Perimysium

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24
Q

Separates individual muscle fibers from
one another

A

Endomysium

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25
Q

This refers to the cord that attaches a muscle to a bone.

A

Tendon

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26
Q

It is a flattened tendon-like material that is broad in appearance

A

Aponeurosis

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27
Q

Neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle to contract.

A

Somatic Motor Neurons

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28
Q

Somatic Motor Neurons originates in the ____

A

central nervous system

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29
Q

The skeletal muscles make up between _____ of the total body weight

A

40% - 50%

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30
Q

The skeletal muscle mass begins to _____ as we grow older, typically begins at the age of ____

A

decline, 40

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31
Q

Muscles is made up of about

A

79% water

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32
Q

is the enlargement of existing muscle fibers.

A

Hypertrophy

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33
Q

the decrease in muscle strength due to the decrease in muscle mass.

A

atrophy

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34
Q

Two hormones that stimulates hypertrophy

A

Testosterone and growth hormone

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35
Q

These retain the capacity to regenerate
damaged muscle fibers.

A

Satellite cells

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36
Q

Refers to the formation of new muscle cells

A

Hyperplasia

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37
Q

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is called ____

A

Sarcolemma

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38
Q

Tunnel in from the plasma membrane. Muscle action potentials travel through this.

A

Transverse (T tubules)

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39
Q

This is where calcium and ions that is needed for muscle contraction are being released.

A

Sarcoplasm

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40
Q

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.

A

Sarcoplasm

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41
Q

It is the stored form of glucose that the sarcoplasm contains and is used for
synthesis of ATP

A

glycogen

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42
Q

A red-colored protein that the sarcoplasm contains

A

myoglobin

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43
Q

Two components needed to bind oxygen molecules

A

glycogen and myoglobin

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44
Q

This releases oxygen when it is needed for ATP production.

A

Myoglobin

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45
Q

Thread like structures which have a contractile function.

A

Myofibrils

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46
Q

It is the basic unit of myofibrils.

A

Sarcomere

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47
Q

In order to contract, the muscle must be
stimulated by a nerve ending. It has to
propagate an _______ along the _____. Once there is an _____ there will be
an increased intercellular reaction that’s
why ____ also increases.

A

electrical current or action potential, sarcolemma, action potential, calcium level

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48
Q

Membranous sacs which encircle each myofibril.

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

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49
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum stores ___

A

calcium ions

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50
Q

Release of calcium ions triggers ____

A

muscle contraction

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51
Q

the final trigger for muscle contraction.

A

calcium ions (Ca++)

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52
Q

Low level of calcium in the body.

A

Hypocalcemia

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53
Q

There is too much calcium ions in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Hypercalcemia

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54
Q

Function in the contractile process

A

Filaments

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55
Q

How many thin filaments are there for every thick filament

A

two thin filaments

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56
Q

Compartments of arranged filaments Basic functional unit of a myofibril.

A

Sarcomeres

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57
Q

Separate one sarcomere from the next

A

Z discs

58
Q

Darker middle part of the sarcomere

A

A band

59
Q

Lighter, contains thin filaments but no thick filaments

A

I band

60
Q

Center of each A band which contains thick but no thin filaments

A

H zone

61
Q

Supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together in the H zone

A

M line

62
Q

Myofibrils are built from three kinds of proteins. What are these muscle proteins?

A

Contractile proteins, Regulatory proteins, Structural Proteins

63
Q

These generate force during contraction

A

Contractile proteins

64
Q

These switch the contraction process on and off

A

Regulatory proteins

65
Q

These align the thick and thin filaments properly in the myofibrils

A

Structural Proteins

66
Q

These two contractile proteins are important for the generation of movement when there is an action potential or signal from the nervous system.

A

Myosin and actin

67
Q

Functions as a motor protein which can achieve motion during contraction.

A

Myosin (Thick filaments)

68
Q

Allows muscle contraction to begin as the myosin binds to actin.

A

Actin (Thin filaments)

69
Q

Convert ATP to energy of motion.

A

Myosin (Thick filaments)

70
Q

____ molecules provide a site where a myosin head can attach.

A

Actin (Thin filaments)

71
Q

These two proteins are also part of the thin filament.

A

Tropomyosin and troponin

72
Q

Can myosin bind to the actin? Why?

A

No, it is blocked from binding to actin.

73
Q

A structural protein that stabilizes the position of myosin and accounts for much of the elasticity and extensibility of myofibrils

A

Titin

74
Q

Structural proteins that helps align Actin (thin filaments)

A

Nebulin

75
Q

A structural protein that links thin filaments to the sarcolemma

A

Dystrophin

76
Q

Explain the Sliding Filament Mechanism

A

➢ Myosin heads attach to and “walk” along the
thin filaments at both ends of a sarcomere
➢ Progressively pulling the thin filaments toward
the center of the sarcomere
➢ Z discs come closer together and the sarcomere
shortens
➢ Leading to shortening of the entire muscle

77
Q

Explain the contraction cycle

A

➢ The onset of contraction begins with the
sarcoplasmic reticulum releasing calcium ions
into the muscle cell
➢ Where they bind to actin opening the myosin
binding sites

78
Q

4 main steps of contraction cycle

A

ATP hydrolysis, Formation of cross-bridges, Power stroke, Detachment of myosin from actin

79
Q

Action potentials arise at the interface of the motor neuron and muscle fiber.

A

Neuromuscular junction

80
Q

Where communication occurs between somatic motor neuron and a muscle fiber.

A

Synapse

81
Q

Gap that separates the two cells.

A

Synaptic cleft

82
Q

Chemical released by the initial cell communicating with the second cell.

A

Neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)

83
Q

Sacs suspended within the synaptic end bulb
containing molecules of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine (Ach).

A

Synaptic vesicles

84
Q

The region of the muscle cell membrane opposite the synaptic end bulbs

A

Motor end plate

85
Q

It is an enzyme that breaks down the ACh which terminates its activity

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

86
Q

One of the most poisonous biological substances known

A

Botulinum Toxin

87
Q

Botulinum Toxin is a neurotoxin that is
produced by the bacteria known as the

A

clostridium botulinum

88
Q

is a serious illness that can affect the nervous system

A

Botulism

89
Q

Botulism occurs when a poisonous substance called the botulinum toxin reproduce ___

A

skeletal muscle paralysis

90
Q

A plant poison used by South American Indians on arrows and blowgun darts.

A

Curare

91
Q

Causes muscle paralysis by ______ inhibiting Na+ ion channels.

A

blocking ACh receptors

92
Q

Derivatives of curare are used during surgery to __________

A

relax skeletal muscles

93
Q

It is an inhibitor that interferes with the actions of acetylcholinesterase by slowing it down or removing it.

A

Anticholinesterase

94
Q

is an autoimmune disorder of the muscles in which the antibodies of the body is getting destroyed.

A

Myasthenia gravis

95
Q

It is the process of producing ATP in muscle fibers

A

Muscle Metabolism

96
Q

This must be produced by the muscle fiber

A

ATP

97
Q

three ways to produce ATP

A

• From creatine phosphate
• By anaerobic cellular respiration
• By aerobic cellular respiration

98
Q

It is the molecule that can store energy in its
phosphate bond in where they store energy

A

Creatine Phosphate

99
Q

The process of transferring a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate yields what?

A

ATP

100
Q

Creatine phosphate and ATP provide enough energy for contraction for about _____

A

15 seconds

101
Q

This process occurs on the muscles during hard exercise

A

Anaerobic Respiration

102
Q

Differentiate Anaerobic Respiration and Aerobic Respiration

A

Anaerobic Respiration does not require oxygen; Aerobic Respiration needs oxygen

103
Q

_____ is used to generate ATP when the
supply of creatine phosphate is depleted

A

Glucose

104
Q

Two sources where glucose can be obtained or found

A

from the blood and from glycogen stored in muscle fibers

105
Q

The process of breaking down glucose into three molecules of carbon and yields 2 net ATP

A

Glycolysis

106
Q

If sufficient oxygen is present, _______ formed by glycolysis enters ________

A

pyruvic acid / pyruvate; aerobic respiration

107
Q

If oxygen levels are low, __________ convert _______ to ______

A

anaerobic reactions; pyruvic acid; lactic acid

108
Q

If the lactic acid was not carried away by the blood, there is a possibility that the lactic acid
will cause ____

A

lactic acidosis

109
Q

How long can Anaerobic respiration provide enough energy for any muscle activity

A

30 to 40 seconds

110
Q

In the aerobic respiration, the pyruvate enters what organelle?

A

mitochondria

111
Q

Two sources of oxygen and are referred as the oxygen binding proteins

A

Myoglobin and hemoglobin

112
Q

Can be defined as the exercise induced decrease in the ability to produce force

A

Muscle Fatigue

113
Q

The added oxygen that is taken into the body after exercise

A

Oxygen Debt

114
Q

Consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates.

A

Motor Units

115
Q

The axon of a motor neuron branches out
forming __________ with different muscle fibers

A

neuromuscular junctions

116
Q

Muscles that control voice production have _____ muscle fibers per motor unit

A

2 - 3

117
Q

Muscles controlling eye movements have _____ muscle fibers per motor unit

A

10 - 20

118
Q

Muscles in the arm and the leg have _______ muscle fibers per motor unit

A

2000 - 3000

119
Q

The brief contraction of the muscle fibers in a
motor unit in response to an action potential

A

Twitch Contraction

120
Q

The contraction can be generated with a single
axon potential which is known as the

A

muscle twitch

121
Q

A brief delay between the stimulus and muscular contraction. The action potential sweeps over the sarcolemma and Ca++ is released from the SR.

A

Latent period (2 msec)

122
Q

Ca++ binds to troponin. Myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed. Cross-bridges form.

A

Contraction period (10–100 msec)

123
Q

Ca++ is transported into the SR. Myosin-binding sites are covered by tropomyosin. Myosin heads detach from actin.

A

Relaxation period (10–100 msec)

124
Q

It is a period where the muscle fiber temporarily cannot respond to another action potential

A

Refractory period

125
Q

Skeletal muscle has a refractory period of

A

5 milliseconds

126
Q

Cardiac muscle has a refractory period of

A

300 milliseconds

127
Q

A small amount of tension in the muscle due to weak contractions of motor units

A

Muscle Tone

128
Q

The tension developed remains constant while the muscle changes its length

A

Isotonic contraction

129
Q

Differentiate Concentric and Eccentric

A

• Concentric - muscle shortens
• Eccentric - muscle lengthens

130
Q

The tension generated is not enough for the object to be moved and the muscle does not change its length

A

Isometric contraction

131
Q

What is the cause if the pigmentation of Red muscle fibers

A

high myoglobin content

132
Q

What is the cause of the light colored pigmentation of White muscle fibers

A

low content of myoglobin

133
Q

Fibers that can utilize oxygen in order to generate energy for movement

A

Slow Oxidative Fibers (SO Fibers)

134
Q

Slow Oxidative Fibers have a slow speed of contraction. Twitch contractions last from ___

A

100 to 200 msec

135
Q

Intermediate in diameter between the other two types of fibers

A

Fast Oxidative–Glycolytic Fibers (FOG Fibers)

136
Q

Twitch contractions of FOG Fibers last

A

less than 100 msec

137
Q

These fibers store energy that can be used for
the short burst of movement and does not require oxygen to generate energy

A

Fast Glycolytic Fibers (FG fibers)

138
Q

Through Aerobic exercise, some FG
fibers are transformed into _____

A

FOG fibers

139
Q

When we exercise the tendons will become thicker or thinner?

A

thicker

140
Q

During exercise, only 40% of the energy is released in the muscle activity. The remaining 60% will be given as ____

A

heat

Anaphy ni bebe (4 decks)

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