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Year One - Anatomy > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscle cells?

A

They are specialised contractile cells organised into tissues

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2
Q

What are the four functions of muscles?

A

To move body parts

To temporarily alter the shape of internal organs

To provide static support, which means that they are involved in keeping our bodies upright

To produce heat

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3
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

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4
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

Muscle attached to the skeleton

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5
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

A

To move bones and other structures, such as the eyes

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6
Q

What type of movement does skeletal muscle control - voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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7
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle

A

They have a fleshy contractile portion, which is composed of skeletal striated muscle

They have a non-contractile portion, which is mainly composed of collagen bundles

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8
Q

What are the two ways in which the collagen bundles in skeletal muscle can be arranged?

A

Rounded - tendon

Flat sheets - aponeuroses

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9
Q

What is the role of the collagen bundles in skeletal muscle?

A

To directly or indirectly attach muscles to bones, cartilages, ligaments, etc

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10
Q

What are tendons?

A

Flexible structures formed from a cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue

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11
Q

Why are tendons very strong structures that can resist tension?

A

They are formed from collagen tissue, which is very dense.

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12
Q

What are the two roles of tendons?

A

To connect muscle to bone

They are also involved in altering force direction

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13
Q

Can muscles share the same tendon?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?

A

Ligament’s bind bone to bone

Tendons bind muscle to bone

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15
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

This is a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue which surrounds the muscle, i.e. all the fascicles

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16
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

This is a thin layer of connective tissue that ensheaths each individual myocyte

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17
Q

What two things are contained within the endomysium?

A

Capillaries

Nerves

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18
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

This is a bundle of muscle fibres. There are multiple fascicles that make up skeletal muscle

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19
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

This is the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a fascicle

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20
Q

What are pennate muscles?

A

They are feather-in like arrangement of their fascicles

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21
Q

What are the three types of pennate muscles?

A

Unipennate

Bipennate

Multipennate

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22
Q

What are unipennate muscles?

A

Muscles that have a central tendon and muscle fibres connecting at an angle, but only on one side

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23
Q

What are bipennate muscles?

A

Muscles that have a central tendon and have muscle fibres connecting at an angle at both sides

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24
Q

What are multipennate muscles?

A

Muscles that have a central tendon have muscle fibres branching off

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25
Q

What are fusiform muscles?

A

They are spindle-shaped in their arrangement.

This means that there is a central belly of muscle fibres and two tendons attached to either side of this. The muscle belly fibres are arranged parallel to one another.

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26
Q

What are parallel muscles?

A

In parallel muscles, the fascicles run parallel to one another

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27
Q

What are convergent muscles?

A

They have a broad attachment from which the fascicles converge to a simple tendon

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28
Q

What are circular/sphincter muscles?

A

They surround a body orifice, constricting it when contracted

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29
Q

What are the two muscle types which are able to form sphincter muscles?

A

Smooth

Skeletal

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30
Q

What is the role of sphincter muscles?

A

To control the flow of fluids

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31
Q

Where are smooth, sphincter muscles found?

A

Within the body

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32
Q

Where are skeletal, sphincter muscles found?

A

Outside the body

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33
Q

What are the two types of skeletal, sphincter muscles?

A

External anal sphincter

External urethral sphincter

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34
Q

What are digastric muscles?

A

They feature two bellies in a series, sharing a common intermediate tendon

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35
Q

What are axial muscles?

A

Axial muscles are attached to the axial skeleton

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36
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

It is comprised of the bones situated in the long axis of the body in the anatomical position

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37
Q

What muscles generally make up the axial skeleton?

A

Muscles attaching only to the trunk

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38
Q

What are appendicular muscles?

A

Muscles which are attached to the appendicular skeleton

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39
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

It is comprised of bones that are appended to the axial skeleton

These muscles are also referred to as limbs

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40
Q

What muscles generally make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Muscles attaching from the trunk to limb bones

Muscles attaching from limb to limb bones

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41
Q

What is the difference between axial and appendicular muscles, apart from which skeleton that they attach to?

A

Nerve supply

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42
Q

How are axial muscles supplied with nerves?

A

Segmentally by separate nerves, which have not mixed with others

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43
Q

How are appendicular muscles supplied with nerves?

A

Nerve plexuses, which are branching networks of intersecting nerves

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44
Q

What law do innervation of both axial and appendicular muscles follow?

A

Hilton’s Law

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45
Q

What does Hilton’s Law state?

A

The nerve supplying the muscles acting across a given joint, will also innervate the joint and the overlying skin

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46
Q

Where in the bone do tendons specifically attach to? Why?

A

The periosteum

This anchors the tendon strongly and spreads the force of contraction, so that the tendon won’t tear away easily

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47
Q

What two terms do we use to describe the attachment of a tendon to a bone?

A

Origin

Insertion

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48
Q

What other names are used to refer to the origin attachment?

A

Superior

Proximal

Medial

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49
Q

What is the origin attachment?

A

The attachment site which is closer to the body compared to the insertion attachment

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50
Q

What other names are used to refer to the insertion attachment?

A

Inferior

Distal

Lateral

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51
Q

What is the insertion attachment?

A

The attachment site which is further away from the body, compared to the origin attachment

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52
Q

Which attachment remains fixed during contraction?

A

Origin

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53
Q

Which attachment is movable during contraction?

A

Insertion

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54
Q

What is the shape of the anterior tendons in the abdomen?

A

Flat

Thin

Broad

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55
Q

What is the name given to the anterior tendons in the abdomen?

A

Aponeurosis

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56
Q

Why are anterior tendons in the abdomen flat, thin and broad?

A

To protect organs

To allow greater movement and compression

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57
Q

What is the structural unit of a muscle?

A

A muscle fibre

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58
Q

What is the other name for the functional unit of a muscle?

A

Motor unit

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59
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

It consists of a motor neurone and the muscle fibre it controls

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60
Q

What happens when a motor neurone in the spinal cord is stimulated?

A

It initiates an impulse that cause all the muscle fibres supplied by the motor neurone to contract simultaneously

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61
Q

What are large motor units?

A

When one neurone supplies several hundred muscle fibres

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62
Q

Which two places are large motor units found?

A

Large trunk

Thigh muscles

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63
Q

What are small motor units?

A

When one neurone supplies a few muscle fibres

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64
Q

Which two places are small motor units found?

A

Eye

Hand

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65
Q

What is the role of small motor units?

A

To allow precise movements to be made

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66
Q

What do skeletal muscles cross? What does this allow them to do?

A

Joints

Exert action onto that joint

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67
Q

How many bones is the biceps brachii attached to? What are they?

A

Three

The scapula, the radius and the ulnar

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68
Q

What is the origin attachment of the biceps brachii?

A

Scapula

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69
Q

What is the insertion attachment of the biceps brachii?

A

Radius

Ulnar

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70
Q

How many joints does the biceps brachii cross? What are they?

A

Three

The shoulder joint, the elbow joint, the superior radio-ulnar joint

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71
Q

What is the superior radio-ulnar joint?

A

This is the joint between the radius and the ulnar bone

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72
Q

How many bones is the pectoralis major attached to? What are they?

A

Three bones

The humerus, the sternum and the clavicle

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73
Q

What is the origin attachment of the pectoralis major?

A

The clavicle

The sternum

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74
Q

What is the insertion attachment of the pectoralis major?

A

The humerus

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75
Q

How many joints does the pectoralis major cross? What are they?

A

One joint

The shoulder joint

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76
Q

How many bones is the brachioradialis attached to? What are they?

A

Two bones

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77
Q

What is the origin attachment of the brachioradialis?

A

The humerus

78
Q

What is the insertion attachment of the brachioradialis?

A

The radius

79
Q

How many joints does the brachioradialis cross? What are they?

A

One

The elbow joint

80
Q

How many heads make up the triceps brachii?

A

Three

81
Q

What are the three heads of the triceps brachii called?

A

Long

Lateral

Medial

82
Q

What is the origin attachment of the long head of the triceps brachii?

A

Scapula

83
Q

What is the insertion attachment of the long head of the triceps brachii?

A

Ulna

84
Q

What is the origin attachment of the lateral head of the triceps brachii?

A

Humerus

85
Q

What is the insertion attachment of the lateral head of the triceps brachii?

A

Ulna

86
Q

What is the origin attachment of the medial head of the triceps brachii?

A

Humerus

87
Q

What is the insertion attachment of the medial head of the triceps brachii?

A

Ulna

88
Q

How many bones is the triceps brachii attached to? What are they?

A

Three

The scapula, the humerus and the ulna

89
Q

How many joints does the triceps brachii cross? What are they?

A

Two

The shoulder joint, the elbow joint

90
Q

What is the primary action of the triceps brachii?

A

Extension of the elbow

91
Q

How do muscles pull bones together? What is this also referred to as? How do muscles do this?

A

By shortening the joint

Flexion of the joint

By lengthening themselves

92
Q

How do muscles pull bones apart? What is this also referred to as? How do muscles do this?

A

By extending the joint

Extension of the joint

By contracting

93
Q

Do muscles that cross two joints perform the same action at both joints?

A

No

94
Q

What muscle allows flexion, extension and abduction of a joint? Why is this unusual?

A

Deltoid

Most muscles are involved in either flexion or extension of a bone, not both

95
Q

Why is the deltoid muscle able to carry out flexion, extension and abduction of the shoulder joint?

A

Its convergent shape, as this means it has anterior, middle and posterior fibres that perform different actions on the shoulder

96
Q

What movement does anterior fibres of the deltoid muscle carry out?

A

Flexion

97
Q

What movement does posterior fibres of the deltoid muscle carry out?

A

Extension

98
Q

What movement does middle fibres of the deltoid muscle carry out?

A

Abduction

99
Q

What are diaphragms?

A

Skeletal muscles which attach to bones on either side of the midline of the body

100
Q

Where is the tendon of a diaphragm situated?

A

In the centre

101
Q

How many diaphragms are there in the body?

A

Four

102
Q

What is the largest diaphragm in the body?

A

The thoracic diaphragm

103
Q

What does the thoracic diaphragm separate?

A

The thorax from the abdomen

104
Q

What is the role of the thoracic diaphragm?

A

To increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration and decreasing it during expiration

105
Q

What movement occurs in the thoracic diaphragm during contraction?

A

Descending

106
Q

What movement occurs in the thoracic diaphragm during relaxation?

A

Ascending

107
Q

Which skeletal muscles have a function of static support, rather than moving bones?

A

Erector spinae muscles

108
Q

What is an antagonistic pair of muscles?

A

A pair of muscles, which are situated around a joint which combine in an antagonistic way

109
Q

What happens to the antagonist when the agonist contracts?

A

It relaxes, creating a smooth movement

110
Q

What is another name for an agonist?

A

Prime mover

111
Q

What is an agonist?

A

The main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement of the body

112
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A muscle that opposes the action of an agonist

113
Q

What is a synergist?

A

They help perform the same set of joint motion as the agonist

114
Q

How does a synergist work?

A

They stabilise muscle movements

They control movement t so that it falls within a range of motion which is safe and desired

115
Q

What is a fixator?

A

A muscle which stabilises the joint to which they are attached so that the joint can move efficiently without risk of dislocation

116
Q

How does a fixator work?

A

Steadying the proximal parts of a limb while movements are occurring in the distal parts

117
Q

Where are the majority of fixators found within the body?

A

Hip joints

Shoulder joints

118
Q

Name a fixator muscle within the body

A

Rotator cuff muscles

119
Q

What joint does the rotator cuff muscles stabilise?

A

Shoulder

120
Q

Why are the rotator cuff muscles needed in the shoulder?

A

The shoulder joint is the least stable and the most frequently dislocated

121
Q

How are the tendons in the rotator cuff muscles arranged?

A

They surround the shoulder joint, thus forming a tendinous cuff

122
Q

What membrane separates muscles into compartments?

A

The deep fascial intermuscular septa

123
Q

Where does the deep fascial intermuscular septum extend from in the arm? Where does it extend into?

A

The periosteum of the bone

The deep fascia of muscle

124
Q

What are the two muscle compartments in the arm?

A

Anterior (flexor)

Posterior (extensor)

125
Q

What are the two muscle compartments in the forearm?

A

Anterior (flexor-pronator)

Posterior (extensor-supinator)

126
Q

What are the three muscle compartment of the lower limbs?

A

Anterior

Posterior

Medial

127
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Inflammation within a muscle compartment

128
Q

What are the two causes of compartment syndrome?

A

Injury

Surgery

129
Q

How are muscles in the arm and forearm supplied with nerves?

A

Individual nerves from the brachial plexus

130
Q

How are muscles in the thigh and leg supplied with nerves?

A

Individual nerves from the lumbosacral plexus

131
Q

Where does the brachial plexus originate?

A

In the cervical region, specifically spinal roots C5-T1

132
Q

What happens to the upper limb muscles, if there are injuries to nerves arising from the brachial plexus?

A

Paralysis

Distinctive positional deformities of the wrist and hand

133
Q

Where does the lumbosacral plexus originate?

A

In the posterior section of the abdomen and pelvis, specifically spinal nerve roots L1-S4

134
Q

What happens to the lower limb muscles, if there are injuries to nerves arising from the lumbosacral plexus?

A

Paralysis

Distinctive positional deformities of the ankle and foot

135
Q

What are the six factors which muscle names can be based?

A

Direction of muscle fibres

Attachments

Size

Number of heads

Shape

Function

136
Q

What does rectus mean?

A

Parallel

137
Q

What does transverse mean?

A

Perpendicular

138
Q

What does oblique mean?

A

At a 45 degree angle

139
Q

What muscles are named based upon the direction of their muscle fibres?

A

Abdominal

140
Q

What bones does the sternocleidomastoid muscle attach to inferiorly? Which bones does it attach to superiorly?

A

Sternum and the clavicle

Mastoid

141
Q

What does maximus mean?

A

Largest

142
Q

What does longus mean?

A

Longest

143
Q

What does brevus mean?

A

Shortest

144
Q

What does major mean?

A

Larger of a pair

145
Q

What does minor mean?

A

Smaller of a pair

146
Q

What does biceps mean?

A

Two heads

147
Q

What does triceps mean?

A

Three heads

148
Q

What does quadriceps mean?

A

Four heads

149
Q

What does deltoid mean?

A

Triangular

150
Q

What does trapezius mean?

A

Trapezium

151
Q

What does teres mean?

A

Triangular

152
Q

What does serratus mean?

A

Saw-tooth edge

153
Q

What does orbicularis mean?

A

Circular

154
Q

What does extensor mean?

A

Extension

155
Q

What does abductor mean?

A

Abduction

156
Q

What does flexor mean?

A

Flexion

157
Q

What does adductor mean?

A

Adduction

158
Q

What does pronator mean?

A

Pronation

159
Q

What does supinator mean?

A

Supination

160
Q

What cross-sectional imaging technique the best for muscles? Why?

A

MRI

The imaging of soft-tissue structures of the body, such as muscles, are often clearer and more detailed when compared to other imaging methods

161
Q

What colour do muscles appear on scans?

A

Grey

162
Q

What two muscles are attached to the sternum on a scan?

A

Pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

163
Q

Which muscle lies anteriorly and is attached to the sternum on a CT scan?

A

Pectoralis major

164
Q

Which muscle lies posteriorly and is attached to the sternum on a CT scan?

A

Pectoralis minor

165
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

Muscular wall of the heart, which is the myocardium

Walls of the aorta, pulmonary vein and superior vena cava

166
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

To allow contraction fo the heart and great vessels, allowing blood circualtion

167
Q

What type of movement does cardiac muscle control - voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

168
Q

What stimulates contraction of cardiac muscle?

A

Pacemaker nodes composed of specialised cardiac muscle fibres

169
Q

What controls the contraction rate of cardiac muscle?

A

The ANS

170
Q

How is contractile stimuli propagated through cardiac muscle?

A

Myogenically, which means from muscle fibre to muscle fibre.

171
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

The tunica media layer of the walls of most blood vessels

The muscular part of the wall of the digestive tracts and ducts

Skin

172
Q

What is smooth muscle in the skin referred to as?

A

Arrector muscles

173
Q

What are arrector muscles associated with?

A

Hair follicles

174
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle?

A

To move substances and restrict flow

175
Q

What type of movement does smooth muscle control - voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

176
Q

What generates contraction of smooth muscle?

A

The ANS

177
Q

How does smooth muscle regulate the size of the lumen of tubular structures?

A

It can undergo partial contractions for long periods of time

178
Q

What type of contractions does smooth muscle undergo in the walls of digestive tract, uterine tubes and ureters?

A

Peristaltic waves

179
Q

What are peristaltic waves?

A

Synchronised rhythmic contractions

180
Q

What is the process of peristaltic waves called?

A

Peristalsis

181
Q

What is the function of peristalsis?

A

To propel contents along these tubular structures

182
Q

What nervous system controls peristalsis?

A

Enteric

183
Q

What happens to muscles if the nerve they are innervated by becomes damaged?

A

They will cease to function

184
Q

What happens if there is loss of nerves innervating muscles of the posterior forearm?

A

Wrist drop

185
Q

What happens if there is loss of nerves innervating muscles of the anterior foot?

A

Foot drop

186
Q

What is muscular atrophy?

A

Wasting of muscular tissue in a limb

187
Q

What are the three causes of muscular atrophy?

A

Disorder of a nerve

Lesion of a nerve

Prolonged immobilisation of a limb, such as with a sling or cast

188
Q

What is the purpose of muscle testing?

A

To diagnose nerve and muscle injuries

189
Q

How do we test muscles?

A

Assessing power of movement

In bilateral pairs for comparison

190
Q

What are the two common methods of testing muscles?

A

The person performs movement that resist those produced by the examiner

The examiner performs movements against resistance produced by that person

Year One - Anatomy (6 decks)

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