muscular system Flashcards
1
Q
what do external intercostals do
A
elevate ribs during inspiration (expand thorax)
2
Q
what do internal intercostals do
A
draw ribs together during FORCED expiration
3
Q
what is the most important muscle for breathing
A
diaphragm
4
Q
what shape is the diaphragm
A
dome shaped
5
Q
what are the 3 major openings of the diaphragm
A
aortic hiatus
esophageal hiatus
caval hiatus
6
Q
how are chest tubes ptu in
A
slid along the superior side of the ribs
7
Q
what v level is the aortic hiatus
A
T12
8
Q
what v level is the esophageal hiatus
A
T10
9
Q
what v level is the caval hiatus
A
T8
10
Q
how much of breathing is controlled by the diaphragm
A
75%
25% intercostals
11
Q
what passes through the aortic hiatus
A
aorta
thoracic duct
azygos vein
12
Q
what passes through the esophageal hiatus
A
esophagus
vagus nerve
13
Q
what passes through the caval hiaus
A
IVC
14
Q
when the diaphragm contracts, it ___
A
flattens
15
Q
when diaphragm flattens, ___ happens
A
inspiration
16
Q
what is shown in this image
A
barrel chest from COPD
17
Q
how do COPD pts breathe in
A
using external intercostals
“chest breathers”
18
Q
O and I external oblique
A
ribs 5-12
linea alba and iliac crest
19
Q
O and I internal oblique
A
iliac crest, inguinal ligament, thoracolumbar fascia
cartilage of ribs 7-10 and linea alba
20
Q
how are the external oblique muscle fibers directed
A
towards the midline
21
Q
O and I transversus abdominus
A
cartilages of lower ribs, iliac crest, and lumbar fascia
linea alba, xiphoid, and pubis
22
Q
O and I rectus abdominis
A
O: superior pubis
I: inferior surfaces of costal cartilages (5-7) and xiphoid process
23
Q
what does the rectus abdominis do
A
depresses ribs, flexes vertebral column
24
Q
what does rectis mean
A
parallel or midline
25
what does transversus mean
perpendiculr to midline
26
a
serratus anterior
27
b
tranversus abdominus
28
c
internal oblique
29
d
external oblique
30
e
aponeurosis of the external oblique
(sheet tendon)
31
f
pectoralis major
32
g
linea alba
33
h
tendinous intersetion
34
i
rectus abdominis muscles
35
j
anguinal ligament
36
where does the inguinal ligament attach
ASIS to pubic tubercle
37
what are the rotator cuff muscles
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
38
O an I supraspinatus
supraspinous fossa
greater tuberosity
39
O an I infraspinatus
infraspinous fossa
greater tuberosity
40
O an I teres minor
lateral border of scap
greater tuberosity
41
O an I subscapularis
subscapular fossa
lesser tuberosity
42
all 4 rotator cuff muscles do what
combine to strengthen and stabilize the shoulder
43
all 3 posterior rotator cuff muscles attach to the
greater tuberosity
44
when the poster rotator cuff muscles contract, what happens to the arm
laterally rotates
45
pathology
torn supraspinatus
46
what are the parts of the biceps brachii
long head
short head
47
O and I long head biceps
superior part of glenoid
radial tuberosity
48
O and I short head
coracoid process
radial tuberosity
49
what are the 2 origins of the biceps breachii
superior part of glenoid
coracoid process
50
what structure does the long head of the biceps brachii pass through
the bicipital groove
51
what are the 2 forearm flexors
brachialias and brachioradialis
52
what is a SLAP lesion
superior labrum from anterior to posterior
53
what do you need to image slap lesions
contrast
54
O and I of brachialis
distal anterior surface of humerus
ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process
55
where is the ulnar tuberosity
anterior surface of proximal ulna just anterior to the coronoid process
56
what is the powerhouse eof the elbow flexors
brahcialis
57
O and I brachioradialis
O: lateral, distal humerus
I: superior to radial styloid process
58
what are the forearm extensors
triceps brachii
59
what are the 3 triceps brachii heads
long head
lateral head
medial head
60
what is the insertion of all heads of the triceps
the olecranon!!
61
O of the triceps long head
infraglenoid tubercle (6 position on glenoid clock)
62
O of the triceps lateral head
lateral and posterior part of humerus
63
O of the medial head of triceps brachii
posterior humerus
64
what does the anterior compartment do (3)
flex wrist/fingers
pronation of forearm and hand
ulnar (adduct) and radial (abduct) deviation
65
all muscles on the anterior surface of the forearm originate from
the medial epicondyle of the humerus
66
all of the anterior forearm muscles insert on what
carpals or metacarpals
67
what is it called when the anterior forearm muscles are overused and inflamed
golfers elbow
68
all posterior forearm muscles originate from
lateral epicondyles of the humerus
69
what is the overuse of the posterior forearm muscles
tennis elbow
70
the posterior forearm muscles are for
extension!!
71
what muscle is key in hip flexion, as well as maintaining posture
iliopsoas muscke
72
the iliopsoas is made up of what 2 muscles
psoas major
iliacus
73
O and I of psoas major
T1-12 ***
lesser trochanter
74
O and I of the iliacus
sacrum and iliac fossa
lesser trochanter
75
what is the common insertion of the iliopsoas msucles
lesser trochanter
76
what does the sartorius muscle do
flexes, abducts, and externally rotated hip
77
what is the origin of the sartotius ***
ASIS
78
what is the insertion of the sartorius
medial body of tibia
79
the medial thigh muscles are for what
hip adduction
80
what is the O and I for the hip adductors
pubic bone
linea aspera
81
where is the linea aspera
posterior side of the femur
82
what is the O and I of the gluteus group
ilium
iliotibial tract (IT band) and greater trochanter
83
the gluteal group is responsible for what
hip extension and abduction
84
where is the IT band
down the side of the leg
85
what is responsible for hip extension and abduction
gluteal group
86
what 4 muscles make up the quadriceps femoris ***
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
87
what is the insertion of the quadriceps femoris
tibial tuberosity
88
all 4 quadriceps join together to form the ____ then ____
quadriceps tendon
patellar ligament
89
what is myositis issificans
bleeding in the tissues can cause bone formation
ie if you get hit really hard in the thigh, can bleed internally
90
how to treat myositis ossificans
ultrasound
91
what muscles allow knee flexion
hamstring
92
what 3 make up the hamstrings
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
93
hamstrings allow ___ at the knee and ___ at the hip
flexion at knee
extension at hip
94
what is the O of the biceps femoris
long - ischial tuberosity
short - linea aspera
95
parts of the hamstrings all originate on what
the ischial tuberosity
96
the hamstrings all insert on different parts of the
tibia
97
how is this done
rotate 30 deg away from the side of interest
15 degree cephalad angle
98
pathology
avulsed ischial tuberosity
99
what muscles allow ankle dorsiflexion
anterior compartmeny
100
what are the anterior ankle compartment muscles
tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitoum longus
fibularis tertious
101
O and I of tibialis anterior **
lateral condyles of tibia and interosseous membrane
medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
102
the tibialis anterior does what
produces inversion AND dorsiflexion of the foot
103
what does the hllusor longus do
extends the big toe
104
what does the extensor digitorum lingus
extends toes 2-5
105
what 2 make up the lower compartment of the lower leg
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
106
what do the fibularis longus and brevis do
responsible for plantar flexion and eversion`
107
what 3 make up the posterior compartment do the lower leg
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris * don't need to know
108
what do the posterior calf muscle combine to join with
the achilles
109
O and I for gastrocnemius
O: lateral and medial femoral condyles
I: calcaneous
110
O and I for soleuos
O: head of fibula and medial tibia
I: calcaneous
111
which is more deep? gastorcnemius or soleus
soleus
112
what is this
fabella
normal calcification in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle**
113
does the popliteus flex, extend, or both
just flex
114
what are the 4 deep muscles of the lower leg posterior compartment
popliteus
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
115
what are the functions of the muscular system (4)
motion
movement of substances within the body
stabilizing body position
thermogenesis
116
what are the 7 criteria for naming muscles
direction of fibres
location
size
number of origins
action
origin and insertion
117
what are the names from the direction of muscle fibers (3)
transverse, oblique, rectus
118
what are the size names for muscles
maximus vs minimus
major s minor
latissimus
119
what muscles names are from the number of origins
biceps versus triceps
120
what is the origin
the site that DOES NOT move
typically, more proximal
121
what is the insertion
the site that DOES move
typically more distal
122
what is muscle action
the movement
when muscles contract, they shorten and pull on a bone
123
how are most skeletal muscles arranged at joints?
opposing or antagonistic pairs
124
what does the prime mover do
(agonist)
causes the desired movement
125
what does the antagonist do
the opposing muscle relaxes
126
what does the synergist do
steadies the movement
127
do muscles push or pull on bones
PULL
128
which way do muscles pull on bones
in the direction of the fibres
129
when flexing the elbow, what is the antagonist and primary mover
primary mover: bicep
antagonist: tricep
130
when contracting, what is the effort (E)
contraction of the muscle
131
what is the load (L)
weight of forearm plus object
132
what are tendons
connect muscles to bones
133
what are ligaments
connect bones to bones
134
what is O and I of the sternocleidomastoids
O: manubrium and medial end of clavicle
I: mastoid process and superior nuchal line of occipital bone
135
what is the single and together movement of the sternocleidomastoids
together- lift chin
singular- laterally flex, tilting vertex to same side, rotate nose to opp
136
the superficial back muscles act on the ___
shoulder
137
the deep back muscles ___ and ___
extend trunk and rotate the vertebral column
138
the anterior trunk muscles form ___ and ___
form the anterior wall of abdomen and support the viscera
139
what are the 5 superficial back muscles
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
rhomboid major
levator scapulae
teres major
140
what is 1
trapezius
141
what is 2
latissimus dorsi
142
what is 3
rhomboid major
143
what is 3
rhomboid major
144
what is 4
levator scapulae
145
what is 5
teres major
146
O and I of the trapezius
O: occipital bone, superior nuchal line, spinous process of C1-T12
I: acromion and spine of scapula and clavicle
147
O and I of latissimus dorsi
O: spines of T7-L5, ribs 9-12, iliac and sacral crests
I: bicipital groove of humerus
148
O and I of levator scapulae
O: transverse processes of C1-C4
I: medial, superior border of scapula
149
O and I of major and minor rhomboids
O: spine C7-T5
I: medial border of scapula
150
O and I of teres major
O: posterior scapula at inferior angle
I: medial part of the bicipital groove of the humerus
151
what is the deep back muscle
what 3 make it up?
"erector spinae"
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
152
what is the primary extensor in the vertebral column
erector spinae
153
what does erector spinae maintin
the lumbar lordotic curve
154
what does the erector spinae control
flexion, lateral flexion, rotation
155
what are the superficial anterior trunk muscles
pectoralis major
deltoid
156
what are the deep trunk muscles
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior
157
O and I of pectoralis major
O: head of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages 2-6
I: greater tubercle
158
O and I deltoid
O: acromion and spine of scapula
I: deltoid tuberosity
159
O and I pectoralis minor
O: ribs 2-5
I: coracoid process
160
O and I serratus anterior
O: ribs 1-8
I: medial border and inferior angle of scapula
161
