Muscular System Flashcards
The attachment of the muscle tendons or aponeuroses to the stationary bone, which is usually proximal
Origin
The attachment of the other muscle tendons or aponeuroses to the movable bone which is usually distal
Insertion
The fleshy portion of the muscle between tendons or aponeuroses of the origin and insertion
Belly
The movement of muscles
Muscle action
The prime mover. A muscle that causes a desired action; contracting
Agonist
A muscle simultaneously relaxing as the agonist is contracting
Antagonist
A muscle which serve to steady a movement, thus, preventing unwanted movements and helping the prime mover functions more efficiently
Synergist
Parallel
Rectus
Transverse
Transversus
Attached to the temporal bone
Temporalis
Largest
Maximus
Smallest
Minimus
Long
Longus
Short
Brevis
Two origins
Bicep
Three origins
Tricep
Triangular
Deltoid
Rhomboid
Rhomboideus
Origin: scapula
Insertion: deltoid ridge of the humerus
Scapulohumeralis
Bends or flexes a part; decreases the angle at a joint
Flexor
Straightens or extends a part; usually increases the angle of a joint
Extensor
Moves a bone away from the midline or axis of the body
Abductor
Moves a bone closer to the midline
Adductor
Produces an upward or superiorly directed movement
Levator
Produces a downward or inferiorly directed movement
Depressor
Decreases the size of an opening
Sphincter
Increases the size of the opening
Dilator
Moves a bone around its longitudinal axis
Rotator
Rotator that turns a part dorsad or upward
Supinator
Rotator that turns a part ventrad or upward
Pronator
Makes a body part more rigid
Tensor
A pearly white connective tissue which protect the muscles and bind them together
Fascia
This is a fibrous connective tissue that wraps the entire muscle
Epimysium
An invagination of epimysium that divides the muscle into bundles called fasciculi
Perimysium
An invagination of perimysium that penetrates deep into the interior of each fascicle and separate individual muscle fibers from one another
Endomysium
A chord of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of bone
Tendon
This is a broad, flat band of tendons that also attaches to coverings of a bone or another muscle
Aponeurosis
Refers to the temples
Origin: side of the skull
Insertion: posterior end of the lower jaw
Action: elevates the lower jaw and closes the mouth
Temporalis
Means chewer
Origin: zygomatic process of tympanic bone and quadratojugal bone
Insertion: lower jaw
Action: elevates the lower jaw and closes the mouth
Masseter
Origin: behind the tympanic ring and the dorsal fascia
Insertion: tip of the mouth and jaw
Action: depresses the lower jaw and opens the mouth
Depressor mandibulae
Refers to submaxillary
Origin: medial surface of mandible
Insertion: median line of lower jaw
Action: depresses the lower jaw and opens the mouth
Mylohyoid
Refers to the chin
Origin: tip and border of the lower jaw
Insertion: processes and body of the hyoid
Action: lowers the mandible and elevates the hyoid
Geniohyoid
Refers to the sternum
Origin: sternum and coracoid
Insertion: ventral surface of the hyoid
Action: lowers the floor of the mouth in breathing
Sternohyoid
Origin: thyroid process of the hyoid
Insertion: tongue
Action: retracts the tongue
Hyoglossus
Refers to the chin and tongue
Origin: lower jaw
Insertion: tongue
Action: protracts the tongue
Genioglossus
Means dorsal part and scapula
Origin: dorsal surface of the suprascapula
Insertion: lateral side of the humerus
Action: extends the arm
Dorsalis scapulae
Refers to the back
Origin: dorsal fascia
Insertion: lateral border of the humerus
Action: raises the forelimbs in an upward and backward direction
Latissimus dorsi
Means the longest
Origin: anterior 3rd of the urostyle
Insertion: skull
Action: extends the back and elevates the head
Longissimus dorsi
Refers to the coccyx and sacrum
Origin: lateral anterior 1/2 of the urostyle
Insertion: arch and transverse process of the 9th vertebra
Action: draws back nearer the urostyle or turns back to one side
Coccygeosacralis
Refers to the ilium
Origin: lateral side of the urostyle
Insertion: ilium
Action: fixes the urostyle in connection with the pelvic girdle
Coccygeoiliacus
Towards or nearer the surface; refers to the direction of the fibers diagonally towards the midline
Origin: dorsal fascia and ilium
Insertion: linea alba
Action: supports the abdominal cavity as well as reduces it
External oblique
Refers to the direction of the fibers perpendicularly towards the midline
Origin: ilium, dorsal fascia and transverse processes of the vertebrae
Insertion: linea alba, sternum and coracoid
Action: constricts the abdomen
Transversus/Internal oblique
Refers to the fibers perpendicular to the midline and abdomen
Origin: pubis symphysis
Insertion: sternum
Action: supports the abdomen, fixes the sternum in place
Rectus abdominis
Origin: sternum and fascia of rectus abdominis
Insertion: deltoid ridge of humerus
Action: adducts, flexes and rotates the arm
Pectoralis
Origin: episternum and omosternum
Insertion: proximal end of radius
Action: flexes the arm
Sternoradialis
This muscle may be removed with the skin if the latter is located at the ventral pectoral region is pulled downward instead of upward direction
Origin: pectoralis abdominis and anterior third portion of rectus abdominis
Insertion: pectoral region of the skin
Action: draws the skin towards the tail
Cutaneous pectoris
Origin: scapula
Insertion: deltoid ridges
Action: adducts and protracts the forearm
Deltoid/Scapulohumeralis
Origin: base of the scapula and shaft of the humerus
Insertion: posterior end of the radioulna
Action: extends the forearm
Triceps brachii
Means tailor, thus the term refers to the crossed-leg position
Origin: pubis symphysis
Insertion: below the head of the tibia
Action: flexes the shank and adducts the thigh, draws the limb forward
Sartorius
Means large
Origin: ischial and pubic symphysis
Insertion: distal end of femur
Action: adducts the thigh; draws the same ventrally, adducts the leg
Adductor magnus
Means 3 heads of origin and refers to the femur
Origin: acetabulum and ilium
Insertion: below the head of tibia and upper end of tibiofibula
Action: abducts the thigh and extends the shank
Triceps femoris
Means slender; thin
Origin: posterior margin of ischium
Insertion: proximal end of tibiofibula
Action: adducts and extends the thigh, flexes or extends the shank
Gracilis major and minor
Means two heads of origin
Origin: dorsal side of ilium
Insertion: tibiofibula
Action: flexes the shank, extends the thigh
Biceps femoris/Iliofibularis
Membrane covering
Origin: dorsal half of the ischium
Insertion: back of the head of tibiofibula
Action: adducts or extends the thigh, flexes or extends the shank
Semimembranosus
Means buttock
Origin: outer dorsal side of ilium
Insertion: head of femur
Action: rotates the femur forward
Gluteus
Refers to the ilium
Origin: ilium and pubis
Insertion: middle third of femur
Action: flexes and rotates the thigh
Iliacus
Means pear and shape
Origin: posterior tip of urostyle
Insertion: proximal end of femur
Action: pulls the urostyle to one side and draws the femur dorsally
Pyriformis
Refers to the belly and legs
Origin: distal end of femur and triceps femoris
Insertion: tendon of Achilles
Action: extends the ankle and foot, flexes the shank
Gastrocnemius
Refers to the tibia and back
Origin: posterior surface of the tibiofibula
Insertion: proximal end of tibiale
Action: extends the foot when it is flexed, flexes the foot when it is fully extended
Tibialis posticus
Means front
Origin: distal end of femur
Insertion: fibulare
Action: flexes the foot, extends the shank
Tibialis anticus
Means increasing the angle
Origin: distal end of femur
Insertion: tibiofibula
Action: extends the shank
Extensor cruris
Refers to fibula
Origin: distal end of femur
Insertion: lower end of tibiofibula and head of calcaneum
Action: extends the shank, extends and flexes the foot farther
Peroneus
Origin: anterior surface of the middle and distal half of tibiofibula
Insertion: proximal end of astragalus and fascia of foot
Action: flexes the foot
Flexor tarsi anterior
