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Human bio 111 > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 3 types of muscle tissue and whether each is striated or not.

A

SCS

  1. Skeletal - striated
    Attaches to bones by tendons
  2. Cardiac - striated
    Heart wall
  3. Smooth - not striated
    In walls of hollow structures, e.g. intestines
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2
Q

Two functions of muscle tissue

A
  1. produce body movement
  2. Stablise body positions
  3. Move substances within body
  4. produce heat
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3
Q

List and describe the 5 properties of muscle tissue

A
  1. excitability - can respond to chemicals
  2. conductivity - propagate electrical signals across plasma membrane
  3. contractility - able to contract
  4. extensibility - ability to stretch without damaging tissue
  5. elasticity - return to original shape after stretching

CCEEE

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4
Q

Name the connective tissue coverings on a muscle (one main one and then 3 extending from that one)

A

Fascia

Epimysium - outer layer encircling entire muscle, dense irregular CT

Perimysium - bundle large groups of muscle fibres, dense irregular CT

Endomysium - separates individual muscle fibres from each other, reticular fibres

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5
Q

MUSCLE FIBRE CELL COMPONENTS

Sacolemma

A

Plasma membrane

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6
Q

MUSCLE FIBRE CELL COMPONENTS

Transverse tubule

A

Through sarcolemma into centre of each muscle cell

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7
Q

MUSCLE FIBRE CELL COMPONENTS

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of muscle cell

Myoglobin and glycogen

Release oxygen when needed by mitochondria for ATP production

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8
Q

MUSCLE FIBRE CELL COMPONENTS

Sacroplasmic reticulum

A

Fluid-filled system of membraneous sacs; encircle each myofibril

Stores calcium, triggers muscle contraction by releasing Ca2+

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9
Q

MUSCLE FIBRE CELL COMPONENTS

Myofibrils + 3 types of proteins

A

Small, thread-like proteins in the sarcoplasm

Contractile organelles

  1. Contractile protein - generate force during contraction
  2. regulatory protein - help switch contraction processes on and off
  3. structural protein
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10
Q

MUSCLE FIBRE CELL COMPONENTS

Myofilaments

A

Compartments

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11
Q

What is the contraction cycle?

A

Repeating sequence of events that result in contraction of muscle

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12
Q

Describe the 4 steps of the contraction cycle

A
  1. ATP hydrolysis - ATP hydrolysised into ADP
  2. Cross bridges formed - attachment of myosin to actin
  3. Power stroke - Sliding
  4. Detachment of myosin from actin
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13
Q

Name the 3 ways to produce ATP for muscle contraction

A

Creatine phosphate - max 15 seconds (sprint)

Anaerobic glycolysis - max 2 mins (200m sprint)

Aerobic respiration - more than 10mins (marathon)

CAA

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14
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

1 somatic motor neuron + all skeletal muscles it stimulates

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15
Q

What factors impact the strength of a muscle contraction?

A

Size of motor unit and number activated

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16
Q

What is a twitch contraction?

A

Brief contraction of all muscle fibres in a motor unit in response to a single muscle action potential

17
Q

Describe what happens in the contraction and relaxation period

A

Contraction period: Ca2+ binds to troponin; myosin binding sites on actin are exposed and cross bridges form; peak tension develops

Relaxation period: Ca2+ is actively transported back into the SR; myosin heads detach from actin; tension in muscle decreases

18
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

Involuntary, weak contraction of a small number of motor units that are alternatively shifting between active and inactive

19
Q

What happens to tension and muscle length in isometric, concentric and eccentric contractions?

A

Isometric: constant tension and muscle length

Concentric: Shorten length, increase tension

Eccentric: Lengthen and increase tension

20
Q

Name 3 skeletal muscle types

A

Slow oxidative

Fast oxidative

Fast glycolytic

21
Q

For each of the 3 skeletal muscle types (Slow oxidative, Fast oxidative, Fast glycolytic) describe:

structure
method of producing ATP
primary function
location

A

Slow oxidative: many mitochondria and capillaries; red; aerobic respiration (high); postural muscles, e.g. neck; maintain posture and aerobic endurance

Fast oxidative: many mitochondria and capillaries; red-pink; aerobic respiration and anaerobic glycosis; lower limb muscles; walking/sprinting

Fast glycolytic: Few mitochondria and capillaries; white (pale); anaerobic glycolysis; upper limb muscles; rapid/intense movements of short duration

22
Q

What is the attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the stationary bone called?

A

Origin

23
Q

What is the attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the moveable bone called?

A

insertion

24
Q

What is the fleshy portion of the muscle between attachment sites called?

A

Belly

25
Q

What are the 3 components of a lever?

A

Load (resistance), fulcrum (fixed point, joint where insertion is) and effort (force - muscle/strength)

26
Q

Name the 3 classes of lever

A

1st class - EFL (effort, fulcrum, load)

2nd class - ELF

3rd class - FEL

27
Q

For 1st class levers, give an example in the body including the joints and movements involved.

A

Head resting on vertebral column

Effort: Posterior neck muscles contract
Fulcrum: Joint between atlas and occipital bone
Load: Weight of anterior portion of the skull

28
Q

For 2nd class levers, give an example in the body including the joints and movements involved.

A

Standing on your toes

Effort: contraction of calf muscles
Load: weight of the body
Fulcrum: ball of foot

29
Q

For 3rd class levers, give an example in the body including the joints and movements involved.

A

Flexing forearm at elbow

Fulcrum: elbow
Effort: weight of hand and forearm
Load: contraction of biceps branchii

30
Q

Name the 4 muscle groups when it comes to coordination of the muscles

A

Prime mover (agonist): contract to cause an action

Prime mover (antagonist): relax

Synergist: two muscles work together to do an action

Fixator: stabilise the origin of the prime mover

31
Q

For biceps branchii, name the number of origins, location in body, and which movement and action it contributes to

A

Origin: 2

Location: upper arm

Movement and action: flexion of forearm, flexion and adduction of whole arm

32
Q

For triceps branchii, name the number of origins, location in body, and which movement and action it contributes to

A

Origins: 3

Location: upper arm

Movement and action: extension of the forearm

33
Q

For rectus femoris, name the number of origins, location in body, and which movement and action it contributes to

A

Origin: 2

Location: Thigh (upper leg)

Action: Thigh flexion and leg extension

34
Q

For sternocleidomastoid, name the number of origins, location in body, and which movement and action it contributes to

A

Origin: 1 (sternum)
Insertion: clavicle
Mastoid: back of the head

Action: rotation of head and flexion of neck

35
Q

Name 3 characteristics by which skeletal bones are named

A

Number of origins (e.g. bicep)

Size (e.g. maximus)

Shape (e.g. deltoid)

Human bio 111 (9 decks)

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