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Anatomy & Physiology Lecture > Muscular Physiology > Flashcards

Muscular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Organization of Skeletal Muscle

A

fascicles

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2
Q

Myosin

A

Heads, Crossbridges, Light Chains, and

Heavy Chains

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3
Q

Actin

A

Binding site for
attachment with myosin
cross bridge

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4
Q

Thin Filament

A

a polymer of actin with tightly bound regulatory proteins troponin and tropomyosin

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5
Q

Excitation Contraction Coupling

A

Excitation = AP

• Contraction = Start of Contraction

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6
Q

Calcium Release

A

Calcium is released from intracellular stores. AP Travels Down T tubule

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7
Q

The Triad

A

T tubule

• Terminal Cisternae of the SR

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8
Q

Two Key Proteins of Calcium Release

A

Dihydropyridine receptor and ryanodine receptor

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9
Q

What occurs when a muscle fiber is relaxed

A 
no cross-
bridge binding because the cross-
bridge binding site on actin is 
physically covered by the troponin-
tropomyosin complex
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10
Q

what occurs when a muscle fiber is excited

A 
released Ca2+
binds with troponin, pulling troponin-
tropomyosin complex aside to 
expose cross-bridge binding site; 
cross-bridge binding occurs
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11
Q

Cross-Bridge Cycling

A

Stops When Ca2+ Levels Drop. Muscle contraction based on muscle proteins that slide past each other to generate movement.

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12
Q

Muscle Twitch in a Single Fiber

A

Stimulates early

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13
Q

Effects of Multiple Stimuli

A

Treppe

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14
Q

Why Treppe?

A

“Warm-Up” Ca2+ Levels?

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15
Q

Why Wave Summation?

A

Ca2+ Levels Already Increased. Cross-Bridges Already Formed

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16
Q

Tetanus

A

Same as wave summation but more

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17
Q

Changing the Force of a

Contraction in a Whole Muscle

A

Motor Units and Recruitment

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18
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

a muscle contraction without motion

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19
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

Concentric Contractions and Eccentric Contractions

20
Q

Series Elastic

A

acts as a spring to store elastic energy when a tensed muscle is stretched.

21
Q

Parallel Elastic

A

consist of the membranes surrounding the contractile components which includes the sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic retinaculum, the perimysium and the epimysium

22
Q

Why do you need energy?

A

Myosin ATPase, ATP need to break cross-bridge attachment. Movement of Ca2+ requires energy.

23
Q

ATP Production Methods

A

Creatine Phosphate, Glycolysis, Oxidative Phosphorylation

24
Q

Creatine Phosphate

A

Creatine Kinase Catalyzes the reaction

25
Q

Glycolysis

A

Lactic Acid Production

26
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Very high energy, but must have O2 and Myoglobin – Storage

27
Q

Physiological Fatigue (Muscle Fatigue)

A

Muscle can not contract fully – no matter what

the stimulus.

28
Q

Psychological Fatigue (Central Fatigue)

A

Muscle able to contract – human unwilling

29
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types

A

Slow Twitch

Fast Twitch

30
Q

Slow Twitch

A

Type I, Oxidative

31
Q

Fast Twitch

A

Type IIa, Oxidative

Type IIb, Glycolytic

32
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Lack Striations, Relatively Small, “Spindle Shaped”,

33
Q

actin, myosin, dense bodies, caveolae

A

Actin – Lacks troponin
Myosin – Longer than Skeletal Muscle myosin
Dense Bodies – analogous to Z-lines
Caveolae – T-tubule Like???

34
Q

Smooth Muscle Contraction

A

Ca2+ dependent mechanism – but very

different than skeletal muscle.

35
Q

What regulates contraction

A

Myosin (Light Chain)

36
Q

EC Smooth

A

Increased intracellular calcium, Ca2+ binds to calmodulin, Ca2+ - Calmodulin complex activates myosin (light chain) kinase, MLCK phosphorylates myosin, Cross-bridge attachment and cycling occur

37
Q

Myogenic contraction

A

Muscle is able to
generate contraction on
it’s own and Single-unit

38
Q

Neurogenic contraction

A

Nervous input is
needed to initiate
contractions, For smooth muscle it is ANS innervation,
Multi-unit

39
Q

Where are Multi-unit Smooth Muscles found

A

Ciliary muscles, Iris, Large Blood Vessels, Bronchioles

40
Q

Multi-unit Smooth Muscle

A

Cells are electrically isolated Varicosities on post-ganglionic neuron near
cells

41
Q

Where are Single-unit Smooth Muscle found

A

Everywhere else – gut, the lining of glands and

hollow organs, uterus…

42
Q

Single-unit Smooth Muscle

A

Cells are electrically linked,

Pacemaker Potentials, Slow Wave Potentials

43
Q

Slow-wave potentials

A

undulating changes in the resting membrane potential in gastrointestinal smooth muscle responsible for triggering an action potential.

44
Q

Single-unit Smooth Muscle Tone

A

Helps keep the shape of organs, Tonic vs. Phasic, enough Ca2+ in the
cytosol to maintain some cross-bridge attachment

45
Q

Single-Unit Rate of Contraction

A

Regulated by ANS

46
Q

How long are smooth muscle contractions

A

Up to 3 sec

Anatomy & Physiology Lecture (10 decks)

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