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NSCA-CPT > Muscular, Nervous, And Skeletal Systems > Flashcards

Muscular, Nervous, And Skeletal Systems Flashcards

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0
Q

A types of muscle

A

Smooth, cardiac, skeletal

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1
Q

Muscle generate force when they are activated. This is referred to as

A

Muscle contraction or muscle action

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2
Q

Connective tissue that surrounds the muscle

A

Epimysium

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3
Q

Bundles of muscle fibers

A

Fasciculus or fascicle

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4
Q

Connective tissue covering fascicle or fasciculus

A

Perimysium

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5
Q

Each muscle fiber is surrounded by

A

Endomysium

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6
Q

Which connective tissues help transmit forces

A 
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
&
Tendon
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7
Q

A muscle fiber is a

A

Cell that is specialized to contract and generate force (tension)

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8
Q

What is a muscle fiber surrounded by?

A

A plasma membrane called sarcolemma

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9
Q

Function is sarcolemma

A

Encloses the muscle fiber contents

Regulated the passage of materials such as glucose

Receives and conducts stimuli in the form of electrical impulses or action potentials

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10
Q

Nuclei in muscle cells

A

Multinucleated as a result of embryonic fusion.
Contain DNA of the cell.
Largely responsible for adaptation to exercise (hypertrophy), adaptation to resistance training and aerobic endurance.

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11
Q

Within the sarcolemma is the cytoplasm called

A

Sarcoplasm

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12
Q

What energy sources are contained in the sarcoplasm?

A

ATP (the only direct source)
Phosphocreatine
Glycogen
Fat droplets

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13
Q

What organelles are in the sarcoplasm

A 
Mitochondria (site of aerobic ATP production)
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (stores calcium and regulates muscle action by altering intercellular concentration)
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14
Q

Specific function is sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

Releases calcium into the sarcoplasm when an action potential passes to the interior of the cell via the transverse tubules.

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15
Q

Transverse tubules are

A

Channels that form from openings in the sarcolemma.

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16
Q

Myofibril

A

Columnar protein structures that run parallel to the length of the muscle fiber and contain myofilaments.

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17
Q

Myofilaments consist of

A

Myosin and actin that are arranged in a regular pattern.

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18
Q

Myosin filaments are

A

Thick
Formed from an aggregation of myosin molecules
Each molecule consists of a head, neck, and tail.
Are kept in position by the protein titin.

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19
Q

Actin filaments are

A

Thin
Formed from globular or g-actin proteins with binding sites for myosin heads.
G-actins form strands of filaments or F-actin
Contain two regulatory protein structures- tropomyosin and troponin.

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20
Q

Troponin

A

Binds to calcium and causes movement of tropomyosin away from the binding sites on actin.

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21
Q

Protein nebulin

A

Ensures the correct length of the actin filaments

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22
Q

Sarcomere

A

The contractile unit of muscle.

Extends from z line to z line.

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23
Q

Z-line

A

At the end of a sarcomere.
Anchors for actin filaments within and the connecting sarcomeres.
Actin’s extend inward from z lines.

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24
Q

A band

A

The width of a myosin filament

The dark striation of skeletal muscle.

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25
Q

H zone

A

The area of the A band that contains the myosin without the overlapping actin..

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26
Q

M line

A

The middle of the H zone, the dark line, that helps align the myosin filaments.

27
Q

I band

A

The distance between ends of adjacent myosin filaments.
Lies partly in each if two sarcomeres.
Area of actin filaments in a resting sarcomere. Where there is mo overlapping myosin.
Gives muscles light striation.

28
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Area of communication between the nervous and muscular systems.
Each muscle fiber has a single neuromuscular junction.

29
Q

Sliding filament theory states that

A

The muscles change length when the filaments actin and myosin slide past each other but do not change length themselves.

30
Q

Sliding filament theory

1. The action potential song the length of the neuron

A

Lead sto the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from within the axon terminal in the synaptic vesicles. The ACh enters the synaptic cleft between the axon terminal of the neuron and the muscle fiber.

31
Q

Sliding filament theory

2. The ACh

A

Migrates across the synaptic cleft,

Binds with the ACh receptors on the motor end plate of the muscle fiber.

32
Q

Sliding filament theory

3. Action potential along the sarcolemma

A

Travels to the the interior of the muscle fiber via T-tubules.
Triggers the relapse of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

33
Q

Sliding filament theory

4. the calcium migrates to

A

Bind with the troponin molecules along the length of the actin.

34
Q

Sliding filament theory

5. Binding of calcium to troponin causes

A

Conformational change of the troponin. The tropomyosin, attached to the troponin, is therefore moved, exposing the myosin binding sites on actin.

35
Q

Sliding filament theory

6. The myosin

A

At rest has been storing energy, energized released from the breakdown of ATP to ADPand inorganic phosphate (Pi).
When the binding sites are exposed, it is able to attach and pull the actin filament towards the center if enough force is generated.

36
Q

Sliding filament theory

7. After pulling on the actin

A

The myosin head energy level is lower. It must bind to an ATP molecule to detach from the actin.
Once detached the enzyme myosin ATPase causes the splitting of the ATP molecule to ADP and Pi. The myosin head is reenergized.

37
Q

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) occurs

A

24-48 hours and can last u to 4 days.

38
Q

The ability to produce ATP aerobically is called

A

Oxidative capacity

39
Q

Oxidative fibers have

A

Large amounts of mitochondria, capillaries, and myoglobin.

40
Q

Myoglobin

A

Delivers O2 from the muscle cell membrane to the mitochondria enhancing aerobic capacity and lessening reliance on anaerobic ATP production

41
Q

Muscles fibers with high myosin ATPase activity have a

A

Ghosh rate of shortening dye to rapid availability of energy from splitting splitting ATP
The opposite is so with low ATPase activity

42
Q

Specific tension refers to

A

The amount of force a muscle fiber produces relative to it’s cross sectional area.

43
Q

An efficient fiber isae go

A

Produce more work with a given expenditure of ATP.

44
Q

Type 1 slow oxidative or slow twitch muscle fibers refer to

A

High oxidative, fatigu resistant Slow contacting and relaxing

45
Q

Type 2a FOG - fast oxidative glycolitic

A

Large, powerful, moderate anearobic and aerobic metabolic capacity
Some fatigue resistance

46
Q

Type 2x / fg - fast glycolytic are

A

Large powerful, high anearobic metsabolism.. Highly fatigable fg fibers .

47
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Activates the skeletal muscles

48
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls involuntary functions such as: this hart & smooth muscle on blood vessels, glands.

49
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

The synapse bet a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

50
Q

Projections from a neuron cell body

A

Dendrites

They receive excitatory or inhibitory signals from other neurons
Dendrites an cell bodies ate located are located in the gray horn of the spinal chord

51
Q

An action potential that travels down the axon to innervate a muscle fiber cause the release of

A

ACh at the neuromuscular junction

52
Q

Two sensory neurons that convey information from the muscles and joints are

A

Muscle spindles and Golgi tendons

53
Q

Muscle spindle

A

Spindle shaped sensory organ
Thicker in the middle, tapered on the ends. A stretch receptor sensing changes on length. Contains intrafusal fibers with contractile protein (actin& myosin) on the ends. Wrapped by sensory receptors in the middle that carry a sensory discharge from muscle to CNS resulting in a motor response

54
Q

Myotatic or Stretch Reflex

Slow static stretch is done to avoid stretch reflex

Plyometric exercises utilize stretch reflex for more powerful concentric action.

A

Activation of a muscle that was initially stretched.

55
Q

Golgi tendon organ
Location
Function

A

Musculotendinous junction

Protects muscle and joint from injury.
Deforms with muscle action and conveys sensory information to the spinal cord. Leads to muscle relaxation and stimulation of antagonists.

56
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. Same fiber types
Gives fibers their metabolic characteristics.
Number of fibers depend on size of muscles

57
Q

Gradation of force - 2 ways

A

Motor unit recruitment - vary the number of motor units>muscle fibers that ae activated.

Rate coding - increasing the firing rate of motor units already activated.

58
Q

Size principle of motor unit

A

1st - smaller type 1 motor units. Lower threshold.

2nd - type IIa
3rd - type IIx
These are larger. Higher threshold.

More units are activated with training

59
Q

Parts of the long bone.

A

Articulation surface. Epiphysis. Epiphyseal plate. Periosteum. Medullary cavity. Diaphysis (shaft). Arterial opening. Compact/cortical bone. Cancellous/trabecular bone

60
Q

Bone goes through a constant process called ——–

Two cell types involved are:

A

Remodelling

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts

61
Q

Cancellous bone is the site of

A

Hematopoiesis - the synthesis of blood cells

62
Q

Two important minerals that help form the body’s bones

A

Calcium and phosphorus

63
Q

Wolfs law about bones

A

Bones will adapt according to stress placed on it.

64
Q

Three examples that lead to increases in Boone mineral density.

A

Weight bearing exercises such as running
Resistance training
Eccentric loading

65
Q

Tendons are formed from

A

Inelastic protein collagen

66
Q

Ligaments are formed from

A

Collagen and an elastic protein called elastin

NSCA-CPT (4 decks)

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