Cardiorespiratory System

Question 0

Blood is separated into

Answer 0

55% plasma
<1% leukocytes
45%platelets and erythrocytes

Question 1

Blood is responsible for transporting

Answer 1

Oxygen, nutrients, metabolic byproducts.

Question 2

Normal blood pH range and influential factors

Answer 2

7.4 normal
Between 6.9 and 7.5

Exercise, stress, disease

Question 3

MusclenpH range

Answer 3

6.63 - 7.10

Question 4

pH is regulated by buffers such as

Answer 4

Bicarbonate, ventilation, kidney function

Question 5

O2 transport quantities

Answer 5

Dissolved O2 is .3 ml O2 per 100ml of blood or 2%.
Via hemoglobin:
Each gram of hemoglobin can carry 1.39 ml of O2
Healthy blood carries 15 grams of hemoglobin per 100 ml.
Therefore blood carries 20.8 ml O2/100ml blood
Average body carries 5 liters blood, about 7% of body weight

Question 6

Partial pressure

Answer 6

Pressure exerted by one gas in a mixture of gasses. Calculated at the product of total pressure of a gas mixture and the % concentration of the specific gas.
Normal atmospheric pressure = 760mmHg
O2 percent concentration in the atmosphere is 20.93%. It partial pressure 159mmHg (760x[20.93/100])

Question 7

O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 7

The relationship of O2 and O2 saturation is sigmoidal due to cooperative binding. The O2 molecule binding to hemoglobin increases hemoglobin affinity for O2
Saturation begin to plateau at 60 mmHg. 90%
An increase from 60 mmHg to 100 mmHg -> 99% hemoglobin saturation with O2

Question 8

Factors affecting oxyhemoglobin curve

Answer 8

Decreased body temp- shifts left
Inc body temp- shirts right

Low pH (acidity) - shifts right
High pH (alkalosis) - shifts left

O2 is released from hemoglobin at a higher partial pressure so it can be used by working muscles.

Question 9

The heart is copses of

Answer 9

Cardiac muscle
Mononucleated
4 chambers
Under involuntary neural control
SA node - primary intrinsic pacemaker generating electrical impulse across the atrium .08m/s. to the
AV node - spreads the impulse through the R&L bundle branches into the purkinje system, fibers that surround the ventricles. -> ventricular contraction.

Question 10

Electrocardiogram

Answer 10

P wave - atrial depolarization. The impulse travels from the mSA node to the AV node

QRS wave - ventricular depolarization. The impulse continues from the AV node tot he Purkinje fibers throughout the ventricles.

T wave - repolarization (electrical recovery) of the ventricles.

Question 11

Arteries pressure system

Answer 11

100 mmHg in aorta to 60 mmHg in arterioles

Question 12

Veins pressure and structure

Answer 12

Low pressure, one way valves, smooth muscle bands facilitated by muscular contraction.

Question 13

Total peripheral resistance

Answer 13

Resistance of the entire circulation

Affected by vessel constriction or dilation from exercise , sympathetic nervous system, metabolism, environmental stressors,

Question 14

Cardiac cycle

Answer 14

From the start of one heart beat to the start of another.
Includes the diastolic pressure exerted on the arterial walls when the heart is filing with blood and no blood is being ejected.
The systolic BP exerted against the arterial walls during ventricular contraction

Question 15

Rate-pressure product

Answer 15

RPP = SBP x HR

Describes the work of the heart and provides an estimate of myocardial o2 uptake. Also referred to as double product.

Question 16

Mean arterial pressure

Answer 16

Ther mean BP throughout the cardiac cycle

MAP = DBP + [.333 x (SBP - DBP)]

Question 17

Cardiac output.

Answer 17

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one min.

Q = SV x HR

Question 18

Stroke volume

Answer 18

The amount of blood ejected per HB

SV = EDV - ESV

Question 19

Frank-starling principle

Answer 19

Based on the length tension relationship
The more more the left ventricle is stretched the more forceful the contraction and greater the volume.
An increase in preload EDV is directly influenced by the feart volume and venous return

Question 20

Respiratory structure

Answer 20

Nasal cavities for warming moisturizing purifying -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles (23 generations) -> alveoli

Question 21

Respiratory muscles at est

Answer 21

Rest
Inhalation - diaphragm & external intercostal contract. Lung space incrrases, pressure decreases, air enters.
Exhalation - passive relaxation of diaphragm and ext. int. decrease volume & increases pressure. .

Question 22

Respiratory muscles at exercises

Answer 22

Inhalation - diaphragm, external intercostals, SCM, scalenes, Pec minor and major

Exhalation - internal intercostals, abs, facilitate quicker removal.

Question 23

Lung volume

Answer 23

Sprirometer

Question 24

Gas exchange - diffusion

Answer 24

Occurs cm between the capillaries and the alveoli. The movement of gas such ad O2 & CO2 across cel membranes Occurs when a concentration gradient of gas is greater on one side.

Question 25

Partial pressures from gas exchange.

Answer 25

``` Inspired PO2 159mmHg At alveoli PO2 100 mmHg Venous blood PO2 40 mmHg, PCO2 46 mmHg. Arterial blood PO2 100 mmHg, PCO2 30 mmHg. Muscle PO2 40 mmHg, PCO2 46 mmHg ```

Question 26

Oxygen uptake / Oxygen consumption

Answer 26

Measured a the mouth using a metabolic cart. The ability of the heart and circulatory system to transport O2 via the blood to the tissues and the ability of the tissues to extract O2. The Fick equation: VO2 = Q x a-vO2 = (HR x SV) x a-vO2 = ((HR) x (EDV-ESV) x a-vO2

Question 27

Activity levels and O2 extraction

Answer 27

Arterial side - 20ml O2/100ml blood Venous side: Rest - 14 ml O2/100ml blood Moderate -10 ml O2/100ml blood High - 4 ml O2/100ml blood Extraction: 6, 10, 16

Question 28

Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 max)

Answer 28

The highest amount of O2 that can be used at a cellular level. Correlates with the degree of physical conditioning and measures cardiovascular fitness. Typical resting VO2 3.5 ml • kg-1 • min-1 Possible VO2max 80 ml • kg-1 • min-1

Question 29

Bioenergetics

Answer 29

The conversion of food, large carbohydrates, protein, and fat molecules into biologically usable forms of energy

Question 30

Catabolic

Answer 30

The break down of large molecules to small molecules such as carbohydrates to glucose causing a release of energy.

Question 31

Anabolic

Answer 31

The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller one by using the energy released from catabolic reactions. Example, the formation of protein from amino acid

Question 32

Metabolism

Answer 32

The constant state of anabolism and catabolism

Question 33

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 33

An intermediate molecule that releases energy from catabolic reaction. The energy is then use to drive anabolic reactions Required for muscle activity and growth

Question 34

ATP make up

Answer 34

Adenine, a nitrogen-containing base Ribose, a five carbon sugar Three phosphate groups. ATP - high energy Two phosphate groups ADP one phosphate group AMPo

Question 35

Three energy systems

Answer 35

Phosphates system - anearobic process. Glycolysis - fast and slow glycolysis, Borge anearobic Oxidative - aerobic.

Question 36

Phosphagen system

Answer 36

Primary source of ATP for short term high I intensity activities Active at start of all types of exercise. The energy for the muscular activity relies on chemical reactions of phosphagens ATP and creatine phosphate. Myosin ATPase increases the rate of break down of ATP to form ADP and inorganic phosphate Pi -> energy release / catabolic reaction. Creatine kinase increases the rate of synthesis of ATP from creatine phosphate & ADP by supplying a phosphate to form ATP/ Anabolice reaction. Type II fast twitch fibers contain greater concentrations of phosphagens. Exercise increases break down of ATP> increase in ADP>elevated creatine kinase activity> regulating the breakdown if creatine phosphate> formation of ATP . Discontinuation if exercise or continuation is exercise at a low enough intensity allows transition to glycolysis or oxidative system and reduction of creatine kinase activity.

Question 37

Glycolysis

Answer 37

The breakdown of carbohydrates, either glycogen stores in the muscle or glucose delivered in the blood, to produce ATP. Supplements the phosphagen system initially, then becomes the primary source for high-intensity muscular activity they lasts up to about 2 mins (600-800m) Enzymes in the sarcoplasm are involved in glycolysis. Fast glycolysis - anearobic glycolysis. The end product piruvate is converted to lactate providing energy (ATP) at a faster rate. Glucose+2Pi+2ADP->2lactate+2ATP+H2O Slow glycolysis - aerobic Glycolysis. Piruvate is transported to the mitochondria for energy production through the oxidative sytem. Another biproduct is reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - 2NADH Glucose+2P+2ADP+2NADH+->2pyruvate+2ATP+2NADH+2H2O

Question 38

Energy yield of glycolysis

Answer 38

2 molecules of ATP from 2 molecule of glucose. | Glycogen ( the stored form of glucose) -> 3 ATPs because ohosphorylating which requires 1 ATP is bypassed.

Question 39

Glycolysis regulation

Answer 39

Stimulated by ADP, P1, ammonia and a slight decrease in pH, and strongly stimulated by AMP. Inhibited by markedly lowered pH during periods of inadequate O2 supply and increased ATP, creatine phosphate, citrate, and free fatty acidstgat are usually present at rest. Rate limiting step - PFK is the primary regulator of the rate of glycolysis.

Question 40

Lactic acid and blood lactate

Answer 40

Fast glycolysis during periods of reduced O2 availability results in lactate which can be converted to lactic acid. Fatigue more likely from decreased pH from many sources of acid including the intermediates of glycolysis. Decreased pH inhibits calcium binding to troponin, inhibiting actin-myosin cross bridge formation. Inhibits Enzo activity of the cell's energy systems. Lactate - an energy substrate in type I and cardiac muscle fibers. Used in gluconeogenesis. It's clearance in the blood indicates a persons ability to recover. Cleared by oxidation within the muscle fiber, blood transport, to other muscle fibers or to the love to be converted to glucose - the cori cycle Blood lactate returns to normal within an hour after activity. Livht activity removes it quicker Normal .5-2.2 mail/L Peak occurs at 5mins post Exercises

Question 41

Lactate threshold

Answer 41

Increase reliance on anaerobic mechanisms. Begins at 50-60% of Max VO2 in untrained subjects . 70-80% in trained subjects

Question 42

Onset of blood lactate accumulation OBLA @ ~ 4 mmol/L

Answer 42

Blood lactate near 4 mmol/L Intermediate or large motor units are recruited string increasing exercise intensity - type II LT or OBLA occurs at a higher intensity of exercise in a trained person due to increased mitochondria.which allows for greater production of ATP Through aerobic production.

Question 43

Oxidative system

Answer 43

Primary source of ATP at rest, & during aerobic activities. At rest, 70% from fats, 30% from carbohydrates. High intensity aerobic, almost 100% from carbohydrates. Prolonged Aerobics shifts to fats and eventually proteins

Question 44

When Is protein metabolized

Answer 44

Long term starvation | Exercise greater than 90mins

Question 45

Glucose and glycogen metabolism

Answer 45

Begins with glycolysis. The end product , pyruvate, is transported tot eh mitochondria . Converted to acetylCoA. Enters the Krebs cycle for further ATP production.

Question 46

Gay oxidation

Answer 46

Triglycerides stored in fat cells are broken down as hormone sensitive lipase. Free fatty acids are released, enter the mitochondria and undergo beta oxidation. Acetyl CoA is formed, enters the Krebs cycle. The hydrogen atoms are carried by nadh & fadh to the etc

Question 47

Protein oxidation

Answer 47

Broken down to amino acids, converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis, pyruvate...->Krebs cycle 3-18% of energy requirements in prolonged exercise. Waste products are urea and ammonia. Eliminated via urine

Question 48

Oxidative system regulation in the Krebs cycle.

Answer 48

The conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate that is controlled by isocitrate dehydrogenase.

Question 49

System. Rate of ATP prod . Capacity

Answer 49

``` Phosphagen. 1. 5. Fast glycolysis. 2. 4. Slow glycolysis. 3. 3. Oxidation of carbohydrate. 4. 2. Oxidation of fat and protein. 5. 1. ```

Question 50

Duration of event. Intensity. Energy system

Answer 50

1-6s. Very intense. Phosphagen 6-30s. Intense. Phosphagen & fast glycolysis. 30s-2m. Heavy. Fast glycolysis 2-3m. Moderate. Fast glycolysis & oxidative system >3m. Light. Oxidative system

Question 51

Fatigue is frequently associated with the depletion of

Answer 51

Phosphagens and glycogen

Question 52

Patterns of phosphagen depletion and repletion

Answer 52

``` High intensity anearobic exercise. Creatine phosphate by 50-70% in 5-30 s Muscle ATP not more than 60% Complete resynthesis of ATP in 3-5m Creatine phosphate in 8mins ```

Question 53

Glycogen depletion and depletion rates

Answer 53

300-400 g stored in muscle 70-100 g in the liver Resting storage can be influenced by all training and diet. Muscle glycogen for mod-high intensity exercise Liver glycogen for low intensity exercise Depletion is variant. Depletion is optimal if .7-3G of carbs per kilo of body weight every 2 hours. Complete depletion in ~ 24 hours

Question 54

Oxygen deficit

Answer 54

The anearobic contributioon to the total energy cost of exercise

Question 55

Oxygen debt or EPOC (excess post exercise oxygen consumption

Answer 55

Post exercise oxygen uptake.