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Biomechanics Flashcards

0
Q

Biomechanics

A

Applies mechanical principles to understand the function of living organisms and systems

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1
Q

Functional anatomy

A

The study if how body systems cooperate to perform certain tasks

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2
Q

Linear motion

  • rectilinear
  • curvilinear
A

The body moves in a s

  • Straight line
  • curved path
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3
Q

Angular motion or rotational motion

A

The body rotates about a fixed line known as the axis of rotation, fulcrum , or pivot.

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4
Q

General motion

A

A combination of linear and angular motion

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5
Q

Kinematics

A

Study of movement from a descriptive perspective without regard to the underlying forces.
Involves spatial and timing characteristics of movement .
5 variables: timing or temporal(sec). Position or location(at given deg) Displacement(deg of move). Velocity(deg/sec). Acceleration or change on velocity(deg /sec2).

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6
Q

Kinetics

A 
Movt assessment in regards to forces involved.
Forces are the cause of motion.
Internal forces- muscle
External forces - gravity 
Kinetic variables - force, torque ...
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7
Q

Units of measure conversions

A

File: table 4.1

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8
Q

How many ways is kilograms used

A

In the SI system Kg is the unit of mass with weight measured in newtons of force. (Quantity of matter or kgm)
Also used as units of force. (Kg plates in a weight room or kgf)

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9
Q

Force

A 
A mechanical action or effect applied to a body that tends to produce acceleration.
Internal and external forces.
SI unit is N ( newton). 
1 lb  = 4.45 N
Affected by:
Magnitude- how much force.
Location - where is it applied
Direction - where is force directed
Duration - how long is the force applied
Frequency - how many times in a given priod if time 
Variability- does the magnitude change over the application period
Rate - how quickly the force is produced
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10
Q

Sir isaac Newton (1643-2727) his laws of motion

A

1st- a body at rest or in motion tens to stay at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an outside force.
2nd - a net force acting on a body produces an acceleration proportional to the force according to the equation F=m x a
3rd - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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11
Q

Momentum

A

Quantity of motion
The larger and faster the body is, the greater the momentum.
Linear momentum is a product of size and velocity.
Angular momentum is the product of moment of inertia (resistance to change) and angular velocity.
Inertia - body mass and the distribution of mass relative to the axis of rotation.

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12
Q

Transfer of momentum

A

Momentum is transferred from one body to another. ie. throwing a ball

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13
Q

Impulse

A

Changes momentum.

Force x time

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14
Q

Torque

A 
Torque = force x moment arm
T(N•m) = F(N) x d(m)

Moment arm is the perpendicular distance from the axis to the line of force action

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16
Q

Lever is typically the

The (Fa) applied forces is

The (Fr) resistance force is

A

Bone

Muscle

Gravity. Weights. Friction…,

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17
Q

First-class lever

A 
The fulcrum is located between the two forces 
A first class lever, the forearm, extending the elbow concentrically and flexing eccentrically against resistance.
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18
Q

Second-class lever

A

The Fr is located between the fulcrum and Fa
Fa is the calf muscle
Fr is the body weight and gravity coming down the tib-fib
The fulcrum is the ball of the foot.
The moment arm of the muscle force is longer than the moment arm of the resistive force. Therefore the Fa is less than Fr.

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19
Q

Third-class lever

A

The Fa lies between the fulcrum
And the Fr.
Joints in the body are primarily third class.
Because the moment a if the applied force is shorter the the moment arm of the resistive force the Fa is much greater than the Fr

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20
Q

Work

A

W = F x d
= force x distance
Standard unit of work is
1 J = 1N•m

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21
Q

Power

A 
P= W / t
1W = 1J / 1s
Or
P = F x v
The rate at which the work is performed.
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22
Q

Energy (mechanical)

A

The ability or capacity to perform work. In human movement, kinetic energy (energy of motion) or potential energy (energy of position or deformation).

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23
Q

Linear kinetic energy:

A

LKE=1/2 x m x v2
=1/2 x mass x linear velocity squared.
Angular kinetic energy:
AKE = 1/2 x l x w2
= 1/2 x moment of inertia x angular velocity squared
Importance of squared: a runner who increases his speed from 5m/s to 6 m/s (20%) would increase his LKE by 44%.

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24
Q

Potential kinetic energy

A

Two forms:
Gravitational potential energy- the potential to perform mechanical work as a function of a body’s height above a reference level
PE = m x g x h
Mass x gravitational acceleration x height
Deformational energy - stored in the body when it is deformed. When the force is removed the body returns to its original configuration, releasing energy in the process. Some of the energy is lost as heat.

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25
Biomechanical efficiency
How much output (work) can be produced with the use of a given amount of metabolic input. The ratio of mechanical output to metabolic input. The skeletal muscle is 25% efficient . Therefore 1/4 of thee tabloid energy goes to skeletal muscle. The rest goes to heat conversion or the recovery process.
26
Total m event inefficiencies
26% skeletal muscle. Muscular coactivation. Jerky movements to accel or decel. Movt. Extraneous movements. Isometrics. Excessive SOG excursion .
27
What percent IOC body weight is muscle? Functions? 4 distinguishing characteristics.
49-45 Movement. Protection. Heat production. Excitability. Contractility. Extensilibility. Elasticity.
28
The functional unit for force production within the myofibril
Sarcomere
29
Arrangement of muscle fibers
Fusiform - parallel to a Line between the origin and insertion Pennation angled muscle - Unipennate semimembranosus. Bipennate rectus femoris. Mulitpennate deltoid.
30
Types of muscle action
Isomeric with a net torque of 0. No joint movement. By definition no work Concentric the net torque produced by the muscle is greater than the external torque. Positive work. Muscle force and displacement are in the same direction. Eccentric - the external net torque is greater. Negative work. Muscle force and displacement are in opposite directions.
31
Length tension It's 3 components
The combined effect of all the muscle's structural elements. Detained in part by the muscle's length. Active - if too short then complete overlap between actin filaments, myosin filament pressure against the z-lines, and diminishe capacity for myosin binding. As the sarcomere lengthen it reaches a point if optimal filament overlap and maximal force production. Further lengthening decreases overlap and force production drops. Passive - the muscle us stretched passed its resting length, the non contractile elements want to recoil and produce resistive tension. Total force production - The musculotendinous unit force production is the summation of active contractile and passive non contractile components. Functional range - the optimal positioning in the length tension relationship.
32
Force velocity
The maximal force a muscle can produce at a given velocity. Concentric- faster muscle velocities are associated with lower force production Isometric - mor force is produced. Eccentric - the most force is produced and is less affected by momentum.
33
Font type and specific tension
Maximum force production is proportional to it's cross-sectional area. Specific tension is force of contractuon per unit area N/cm2, x cross-sectional area cm2 = force of muscle N Fast twitch = 22 N/cm2 Slow twitch = 15 N/cm2 Whole muscles have variable specific tensions. Muscle that have predominantly fast twitch will have only a higher slightly higher specific tension that muscles that are predominantly slow twitch. However fast-twitch fibers tend to be a larger than slow-twitch fibers so the absolute tension they can develop is greater.
34
Recruitment
Intramuscularly - Force can be increased by increasing the firing frequency of the motor unit, increasing the number of motor units recruited, and recruiting progressively larger motor units. Intermuscularly - Force can be increased by increasing the activation of the agonists and synergists, decreasing the activation of antagonists, or both. Much of the improvement in strength gains occur through neural adaptation during the first few weeks of training
35
Time history of activation
Maximal muscle force can take up to .5 sec. To develop. Rate of force development-the ratio of the change in force over the change in time. It can be improved with: resistance exercise. Stretch-shortening cycle SSC ( an eccentric muscle exercise immediately followed by a concentric muscle action. Attributed to storage of elastic energy and enhanced neural drive. Pre-forcing
36
Moment arms and levers
A perdón with a larger lever arm (tendinous insertion farther away from the joint) can produce a greater torque. Yet greater torque is produced at some points in the ROM than at others. Sine all points along the forearm move at the same angular velocity the more distal points have higher linear velocity.
37
Strength and sticking points
Strength is the maximal force muscle or muscle group can produce at a specific velocity. Sticking points is where the extern resistance has the greatest mechanical advantage compared to the muscle.
38
Closed kinetic chain
The movement of one joint causes the the other joints to move in a predictable manner This includes bench press and and traditional leg press. The torques at the joints are coupled. Weakness or limitations at one joint will affect the others.
39
Open kinetic chain
Movement at one joint doesn't necessarily cause movement at another joint.
40
Steindler
Describes the umami kinetic chain in the mid 1950's
41
Kinetic vs kinematic
Used interchangeably. Kinematic change is technically correct.
42
6 step algorithm for any joint movement
Identify 1 movement or position. 2 effect of the external force if there were no active muscles 3 type of muscle action. Opposite direction is concentric. Same direction is eccentric. No movement is isometric. Movement across gravity is concentric in order to pull the segment against its own inertia. 4 plane of movement and axis of rotation to identify which side of the joint the muscles controlling the movement cross. 5 on which side of the joint are the muscles lengthening and on which side are they shortening 6 combine the info rom steps 3 and 5 to determine which muscles are producing or controlling movement.
43
Pectineus
Hip flexion. Adduction
44
Adductor Magnus
Adduction Hip Extension with posterior fibers Flexion flexion, and IR with anterior superior fibers
45
Adductor brevis and longus
Addiction, flexion ,IR
46
Tensor fascia latae
Abduction. Flexion. IR
47
Deep hip external rotators
Piriformis. Gemellus superior and inferior Obturator externus and internus Quadratus femoris
48
Knee IR
Popliteus. Semimembranosus. Semitendinosus. Sartorius. Gracilis
49
Knee lateral rotation
Biceps femoris
50
Plantarflexion
Gastrocnemius. Soles. Plantaris. Tibialis posterior. FHL. FDL. PL. PB
51
DF
EHL. EDL. TA. PT.
52
Inv
TA. TP. Plantaris. FHL. FDL gastrocnemius. Soleus.
53
Eversion
PT. PL. PB. EDL
54
Shoulder girdle elevation
Levator scapula. Upper trapezius. Rhomboids
55
Shoulder girdle depression
Lower trapezius | Pectoralis minor
56
Retraction
Rhomboids | Middle trapezius
57
Protraction
Pectoralis minor | Serratus anterior
58
Upward rotation
Trapezius | Serratus anterior
59
Downward rotation
Rhomboids Levator scapula Pectoralis minor
60
Shoulder flexion
Pec major clavicular portion Anterior deltoid Biceps brachii, short head Coracobrachialis
61
Shoulder extension
``` Pec major. Sternal portion Lats Teres major Posterior deltoid Triceps brachii. Long head. ```
62
Sh add
Lats Teres major Pec major. Sternal portion.
63
Abd
Middle deltoid. supraspinatus Anterior deltoid Biceps brachii
64
IR
``` Lats Teres major Subscapularis Anterior deltoid Pec major Biceps brachii. Sort head ```
65
ER
There's minor Infra spinet us Posterior deltoid
66
Horizontal flexion
Pec major Anterior deltoid Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii
67
Horizontal extension
``` Middle and posterior deltoid Teres minor Infraspinafus Teres major Lat Dorsi ```
68
3 considerations of the torque equation and human movement mechanics.
First - magnitude can be increased or sea teased by raising or lowering F and /or d. 2nd - force applied through the axis of rotation. No moment arm exists therefore no torque is produced. The force can be compressive. If too high, injurious. 3rd - most human movement involves multiple torques. The resulting movement is based on net torque or net moment. Tnet = T1 + T2. If equal and in opposite directions then net torque is 0. External vs internal forces will determine movment outcome.
69
Elbow flexio
Biceps brachiibrachialis brachioradialis
70
Elbow ext
Triceps brachii | Anconeus
71
Radio ulnar supination
Biceps brachi Supinator Brachioradialis
72
Radioulnar pronation
Pronator teres pronator quadratus Brachioradialis
73
Wrist flexor
FCR, FCU. FDS. FDP. Palmaris longus
74
Wrist ext
ECR longus. ECR brevis. ECU. Extensor indicis. Extensor digiti minimi. Extensor digitorum
75
Radial deviation
FCR. ECR longus and brevis
76
Ulnar deviation
ECU FCU
77
Vertebral flexion
Rectus abs. EO. IO. Papas major lumbar region
78
LaterL flexion
EO. IO. QL. RA extensor spinae
79
Rotation same side Rotation opposite side
IO. Erect spinae EO. Mulifidii
80
Constant resistance devices
The force does not change throughout the ROM
81
Free weights
``` Fixed mass with no constraint The force (weight is constant by virtue of being in a gravitational field that is constant. The velocity is not constant but if it is sufficiently slow the acceleration is approximated as 0 keeping the resistance equal to its weight in mg. Fr = ma + W W is equal to 0 in all directions except vertical. The position if the lever arm(s) relative to the body and space determines at what angle the muscle is working the hardest. ```
82
Machines
Constrains the motion of the resistance. The path can be linear, angular. The correction of the resistance is in the direction of the cable. The external resistance does not change because of the use of a pulley and fixed axis.

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