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Muscles Physiologia > Muscles Origins and Insertions and Actions > Flashcards

Muscles Origins and Insertions and Actions Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior Tibialis Origin

A

Lateral condyle and proximal 2/3’s of lateral surface of tibia

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2
Q

Ant. Tib. Insertion

A

Medial and plantar aspects of the cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal

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3
Q

Main F(x) of Ant Tib

A

concentrically accelerates dorsiflexion and inversion

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4
Q

Synergistical F(x) of Ant Tib

A

eccentrically decels plantarflex and eversion, and isometrically stabilizes arch of foot

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5
Q

Posterior Tibabilias Origin

A

Proximal 2/3s of posterior surface of tibia and fibula

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6
Q

Post. Tib. Main Insertion

A

navicular tuberosity and medial cuneiform bone

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7
Q

Post tib other insertion

A

Every tarsal bone (nav, cunei, cuboid) but the talus plus the bases of the second through fourth metatarsals

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8
Q

Main function of Post Tib

A

Concentrically accelerates plantarflexion and inversion of foot

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9
Q

Syn function of Post tib

A

Eccenrically decels dorsiflexiom and eversion of the foot, and isometrically stabilizes arch

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10
Q

Soleus Origin

A

Posterior surface of the fibular head and proximal 1/3 of its shaft and from the post side of tibia

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11
Q

Gastroc and Soleus Insertion

A

Calcaneus via Achilles Tendon

Achilles must have had a well dvp’d Soleus and Gastroc

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12
Q

Soleus and Gastroc main function

A

concentrically accels plantarflexion

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13
Q

Gastroc and Soleus syn funct

A

ecc decels ankle dorsiflex, and isometrically stabilizes foot

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14
Q

Peroneus Longus Origin

A

Lateral condyle of tibia, head, and proximal 2/3s of the lateral surface of the fibula

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15
Q

Peroneus Longus Insertion

A

Lateral surface of the medial cuneiform and lateral side of the base of the 1st metatarsal

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16
Q

Main f(c) of Peroneus longus

A

concentricallu plantarflexes and everts foot

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17
Q

syn f(x) of peroneus longus

A

decel ankle dorsiflex, isometricallu stabilizes foot and ankle complex

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18
Q

Biceps femoris long head orgin

A

ischial tuberositu of pelvis, part of the sacrotuberous ligament

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19
Q

Biceps femoris long and short head insertsion

A

Head of fibula

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20
Q

Biceps femoris long head main f(c)

A

Concentrically accelerates knee flexion and hip extension, and tibial ext rot

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21
Q

Biceps femoris long head syn function

A

Eccentrically decels knee extension, hip flexion, and tibial int rot at midstance of gait cycle, and it also isometricallu stabilizes the LPHC and knee

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22
Q

Biceps femoris short head origin

A

lower 1/3 of post. aspect of the femur

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23
Q

Biceps femoris short head main function

A

concentrically accelerates knee flexion and tibial ext rot

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24
Q

Biceps femoris short head syn funct

A

Ecc decels knee extension and tibial internal rot, and isometricallu stabilizes knee

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25
Q

Semimembranosus origin

A

ischial tuberosity of pelvis

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26
Q

Semimembranosus insertion

A

Posterior aspect of the medial tibial condyle of the tibia

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27
Q

Semimembranosus and Semitiendinosus main function

A

Concentrically accelerate knee flexion, hip extension, and tibial int rot

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28
Q

Semimembranosus and semitendinosus syn funct

A

Ecc decels knee extension, hip flex, and tibial ext rot, and isometrically stabilizes the LPHC and knee

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29
Q

Semitiendinosus origin

A

ischial tubersoity of pelvis and part of sacrotuberous ligament

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30
Q

Semitiendinosus insertion

A

PROXIMAL aspect of medial tibial condyle of tibia (pes anserine)

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31
Q

What muscles comprise of hamstring complex?

A

Biceps Femoris long and short heads, Semimembranosus, and Semitiendinosus

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32
Q

What muscles make up quads?

A

Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris

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33
Q

Vastus lateralis O

A

Anterior and inferior border of the greater trochanter, lateral region of the gluteal tuberosity, lateral lip of linea aspera of femur

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34
Q

Vastus lateralis I

A

base of patella and tibial tuberosity of the tibia

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35
Q

Vastus lateralis, medialis main funct

A

conc accelerates knee extension

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36
Q

Vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius syn funct

A

Ecc decels knee flex, adduction, and internal rot, and isometrically stabilizes knee

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37
Q

Vastus medialis O

A

lower region of intertrochanteric line, medial lip of linea aspera, proxomal medial supracondylar line of femur

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38
Q

Vastus medialis I

A

Base of patella, tibial tubersoity of tibia

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39
Q

vastus intermedius O

A

anterior-lateral regions of the upper 2/3’s of femur

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40
Q

vastus intermedius I

A

base of patella, tibial tuberosity of tibia

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41
Q

Rectus femoris O

A

Ant-inf iliac spine of pelvis

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42
Q

Rectus femoris I

A

Base of patella, tibial tuberosity of the tibia

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43
Q

Rectus femoris main function

A

conc accels knee extension and hip flexion

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44
Q

Rectus femoris syn function

A

Ecc decels knee flexion, adduction, and internal rot, decels hip extension, and isometrically stabilizes LPHC and knee

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45
Q

Adductor longus O

A

Ant surface of the of pubic ramus of pelvis

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46
Q

Adductor longus I

A

Proximal 1/3 of linea aspera of femur

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47
Q

Adductor longus main f(c)

A

concentrically accels hip addution, flexion, and int rot

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48
Q

Adductor longus syn funct

A

ecc decels hip abd, ext, ext rot, and isomet stabilizes LPHC

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49
Q

Add magnus ant fibers O

A

ischial ramus of pelvis

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50
Q

Add magnus ant fibers I

A

linea aspera of the femur

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51
Q

Add magnus ant and post fibers main funct

A

conc accells hip add, flexion and int rot

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52
Q

Add magnus ant fibers syn funct

A

ecc decels hip abd, extension, and external rot, and dynamically stabilizes the LPHC

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53
Q

Add magnus post fibers O

A

Ischial tuberosity of pelvis

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54
Q

Add magnus post fibers I

A

add tubercle on femur

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55
Q

Add magnus post fibers syn funct

A

ecc decels hip abd, flexion, and internal rot, and isometrically stabilizes LPHC

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56
Q

Add brevis O

A

Ant surface of the inf pubic ramus of pelvis

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57
Q

Add brevis I

A

proximal 1/3 of linea aspera of the femur

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58
Q

Add brevis main funct

A

concentrically accels hip add, flexion, and internal rot

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59
Q

Add brevis syn funct

A

ecc decels hip abd, ext,, and ext rot, and isometrically stabilizes the LPHC

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60
Q

Gracilis O

A

Ant aspect of lower body of pubis

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61
Q

Gracilis I

A

Proximal medial surface of tibia (pes anserine)

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62
Q

Gracilis main function

A

conc accels hip add, flexion, and internal rot, and assists in tibial int rot

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63
Q

Gracilis syn function

A

ecc decels hip abd, extension, and ext rot, and isometriclaly stabilizes the LPHC and knee.

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64
Q

Pectineus O

A

Pectineal line on the superior pubic ramus of pelvis

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65
Q

Pectineus I

A

Pectineal line on the post surface of the upper femur

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66
Q

Pectineus Main funct

A

conc accel hip adduction, flexion, and internal rot

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67
Q

Pectineus syn funct

A

ecc decel hip abd, extension, ext rot, and isometrically stabilizes LPHC

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68
Q

Gluteus medius O

A

Outer surface of the ilium of pelvis

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69
Q

Gluteus medius I

A

lateral surface of the greater trochanter on the femur

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70
Q

Ant fibers of Gluteus medius main function

A

conc accel hip abd and int rot

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71
Q

Post fibers of Gluteus medius main function

A

conc accel hip abd and ext rot

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72
Q

Post and Ant fibers of Gluteus medius syn function both do what?

A

ecc decel hip add and isometrically stabilizes the LPHC

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73
Q

Post fibers of Gluteus medius syn function

A

int rot

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74
Q

Ant fibers of Gluteus medius syn function

A

ext rot

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75
Q

Gluteus minimus O

A

Ilium of pelvis btwn ant and inf gluteal line

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76
Q

Gluteus minimus I

A

greater trochanter of femur

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77
Q

Gluteus minimus main funct

A

conc accel hip abd and internal rot

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78
Q

Gluteus minimus syn funct

A

ecc devels hip add and ext rot, and isometricallu stabilizes LPHC

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79
Q

Gluteus maximus O

A

outer ilium of pelvis, post side of sacrum and coccyx, and part of the sacrotuberous and post sacroiliac ligament

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80
Q

Gluteus maximus I

A

Gluteal tuberosity of femur and iliotibial tract

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81
Q

Gluteus maximus main funct

A

conc accels hip extension and ext rot

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82
Q

Gluteus maximus syn funct

A

ecc decel hip flex and int rot, decels tibial internal rot via IT band, and isometricallu stabilizes LPHC

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83
Q

What 2 muscles comprise of the iliopsoas muscle group?

A

The two muscles that make up the iliopsoas group are the psoas major and iliacus.

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84
Q

Tensor fascia latae (w/ IT band) O

A

Outer surface of iliac crest just post to the ant-sup iliac spine of pelvis

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85
Q

Tensor fascia latae (w/ IT band) I

A

Prox 1/3 of IT band

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86
Q

Tensor fascia latae (w/ IT band) main funct

A

conc accel hip flex, abd, and int rot

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87
Q

Tensor fascia latae (w/ IT band) syn funct

A

Ecc decel hip ext, add, ext rot, and isomet stabilizes LPHC

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88
Q

Psoas O

A

Transverse processes and lateral bodies of the last thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae including intervertebral disks

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89
Q

Psoas and Iliacus I

A

Lesser trochanter of femur

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90
Q

Psoas main funct

A

conc accels hip flex and ext rot, extends and rotates lumbar spine

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91
Q

Psoas syn funct

A

Ecc deces hip internal rot, hip extension, and isometrically stabilizes LPHC

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92
Q

Iliacus O

A

superior 2/3s of iliac fossa, inner lip of iliac crest

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93
Q

Iliacus main funct

A

conc accel hip flex and ext rot

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94
Q

Iliacus syn funct

A

ecc decel hip extension and internal rot, and isomet stabilizes the LPHC

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95
Q

Sartorius O

A

Ant-sup iliac spine of pelvis

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96
Q

Sartorius I

A

Proximal medial surface of tibia

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97
Q

Sartorius main funct

A

conc accels hip flex, ext rot, and abd, knee flexion, and int rot

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98
Q

Sart syn funct

A

Ecc decels hip extension and internal rot, knee ext, ext rot, and isometrically stabilizes LPHC and knee.

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99
Q

Piriformis O

A

Anterior side of the sacrum

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100
Q

Piriformis I

A

Greater trochanter of femur

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101
Q

Piriformis Main f(c)

A

conc accel hip external rot, abd, and extension

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102
Q

Piriformis syn function

A

ecc decelerates hip internal rot, add, flexion, and isometrically stabilizes hip and sacroiliac jts

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103
Q

Rectus Abdominis O

A

Pubic symphysis of pelvis

104
Q

Rectus Abdominis I

A

Ribs 5-7, and Xiphoid process of sternum

105
Q

Rectus Abdominis Main f(x)

A

Conc accel spinal flexion, lateral flexion, and rot

106
Q

Rectus Abdominis syn funct

A

Ecc decels spinal ext, lateral flexion, and rot

Also, isom stabilizes the LPHC

107
Q

External Oblique O

A

external surface of ribs 4-12

108
Q

External Oblique I

A

Anterior iliac crest of pelvis, linea alba, and contralateral rectus sheaths.

109
Q

External Oblique main funct

A

Conc accels spinal flexion, lateral flexion, and contralateral rotation

110
Q

External Oblique syn funct

A

ecc decels spinal ext, lateral flexion, and rot, and isomlly stabilizes the lPHC

111
Q

Internal Oblique O

A

Ant 2/3’s of iliac crest of the pelvis and thoracolumbar fascia

112
Q

Internal Oblique I

A

Ribs 9-12 and linea alba and contralat rectus sheaths

113
Q

Internal Oblique Main Funct

A

Conc accels spinal flex, lateral flex, ad ispilateral rot

114
Q

Internal Oblique syn funct

A

Ecc decels spinal ext, rot, and lateral flex, and isom stabilizes the LPHC

115
Q

Transverse Abdominis O

A

ribs 7-12, ant 2/3s of iliac crest of pelvis, and thoracolumbar fascia

116
Q

Transverse Abdominis I

A

Lineae alba and contralateral rectus sheaths

117
Q

Transverse Abdominis main function

A

increase intra-abd pressure, and supports the abd viscera

118
Q

Transverse Abdominis syn function

A

isometlly stabilizes LPHC

119
Q

Diaphragm O costal part

A

inner surfaces of the cartilages and adjacent bony regions of ribs 6-12

120
Q

Diaphragm O sternal part

A

post. side of xiphoid process

121
Q

Diaphragm O cural/lumbar part

A

1) 2 aponeurotic arches covering the external surfaces of the quadratus lumborum and psoas major
2) right and left crus, orginating from the bodies of L1 - L3 and their intervertbral disks

122
Q

Diaphragm I

A

central tendon

123
Q

Diaphragm function

A

conc pulls the central tendon inferiorly, increasing the V in thoracic cavity

124
Q

Diaphragm syn function

A

stabs the LPHC

125
Q

What muscles make up the superficial Erector spinae?

A

Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis

126
Q

Division of Superficial Erector spinae

A

Lumorum (lumbar)
Thoracis (thoracic)
Cervicis (cervical)

127
Q

Superficial Erector spinae common Os

A

iliac crest of the pelvis, sacrum, and spinous and trnasverse process of T11-L5

128
Q

Iliocostalis lumborum division Insert

A

inf border of ribs 7-12

129
Q

Iliocostalis Thoracis div Insertion

A

sup border of ribs 1-6

130
Q

Iliocostalis Cervicis div insert

A

transverse process of C4-C6

131
Q

Longissimus Throcis div insert

A

transverse process T1-T12, ribs 2-12

132
Q

Longissimus Cervicis div insert

A

trans process C6-C2

133
Q

Longissimus Capitis div insert

A

Mastoid process of skull

134
Q

Spinalis Thoracis div insert

A

spin process of T7-T4

135
Q

Spinalis Cervicis div insert

A

spin process of C3-C2

136
Q

Spinalis Capitis div insert

A

Btwn sup and inf nuchal lines on occipital bone of skull

137
Q

Superficial Erector spinae main funct

A

conclly acels spinal ext, rot, and lateral flex

138
Q

Superficial Erector spinae syn funct

A

eccly decels spinal flex, rot, and lateral flex, and dynamicallu stabilizes the spine durig functional movements

139
Q

Quadratus lumborum O

A

Iliac crest of pelvis

140
Q

Quadratus lumborum I

A

12th rib, trans process L2-L5

141
Q

Quadratus lumborum main funct

A

spinal lateral flex

142
Q

Quadratus lumborum syn funct

A

ecc decels contralaeral lateral spinal flex, and isom stab the LPHC

143
Q

Multifidus O

A

post aspect of sacrum; process of lumbar, thoracic, and c spine

144
Q

Multifidus I

A

spinous processes 1-4 segments above origin

145
Q

Multifidus main funct

A

conclly accels spinal ext and contralateral rot

146
Q

Multifidus syn funct

A

ecc decels spinal flex and rot; isom stabilizes spine

147
Q

Lats O

A

Spinous processes of T70T12, iliac crest of pelvis, thoracolumbar fascia, and ribs 9-12

148
Q

Lats I

A

inf angle of scap, intertubercular groove of humerus

149
Q

Lats main functt

A

conc accel shoulder ext, add, and int rot

150
Q

Lats syn funct

A

ecc decels shoulder flex, abd, and ext rot, and spinal flex, and isom stab the LPHC & shoulder

151
Q

Serratus anterior origin

A

ribs 4-12

152
Q

Serratus anterior insert

A

medial border of scapula

153
Q

Serratus anterior main funct

A

conc accels scapular protraction

154
Q

Serratus anterior syn function

A

Ecc decels dynamic scapular retraction, isometrically stabilizes the scapula

155
Q

Rhomboid major O

A

Spinous processes C7-T5

156
Q

Rhomboid major I

A

Medial border of the scapula

157
Q

Rhom major main function

A

conc produces scapular retraction and downward rot

158
Q

Rhom major syn function

A

ecc decels scapular portraction and upward rot, and isometrically stabilizes the scapula

159
Q

Rhomboid minor O

A

Spin processes C7-T1

160
Q

Rhomboid minor I

A

medial border of scapula superior to spine

161
Q

Rhomboid minor main funct

A

conc produces scapular retraction and downward rot

162
Q

Rh minor syn funct

A

ecc decels scapular portraction and upward rot, and isometrically stabilizes the scapula

163
Q

lower traps O

A

spin processes T6-T12

164
Q

lower traps I

A

spine of scapula

165
Q

lower traps main funct

A

conc accels scapular depression

166
Q

lower traps syn funct

A

Ecc decels scapular elevation, isomly stabs the scap

167
Q

Middle traps O

A

spin processes T1-T5

168
Q

Mid traps I

A

Acromion process of scap, superior aspect of spine of scapula

169
Q

Mid traps main function

A

concly accels scapular retraction

170
Q

mid traps syn funct

A

Ecc decels scapular elevation, isomly stabs the scap

171
Q

Upper traps O

A

External occiptial protuberance of the skull, spinous process of C7

172
Q

Upper Traps I

A

lateral third of the clavicle

acromion process of scapula

173
Q

Upper traps main funct

A

Conc accelerates cervical extension, lateral flexion, and rot, and scapular elevation.

174
Q

Upper traps syn funct

A

Ecc decels cervical flexion, lateral felxion, and rot, and scapular depression. Isom stabs C spine and scap

175
Q

Pec major O Clavicular

A

Ant surface of clavicle

176
Q

Pec major Sternocostal O

A

Ant surface of sternum, cartilage of ribs 1-7

177
Q

Pec major insertion

A

greater tubercle of humerus

178
Q

Pec major main function

A

Conc accels shoulder flexion (clavicular fibers), horoizontal add, and internal rot

179
Q

Pec major syn function

A

Ecc decels shoulder extension, h abd, and ext rot, isom stabs shoulder girdle

180
Q

Pec minor O

A

ribs 305

181
Q

Pec minor insertion

A

coracoid process of scapula

182
Q

Pec minor main fucntion

A

conc protracts scapula

183
Q

Pec minor syn function

A

ecc decels scapular retraction, isom stabs shoulder girdle

184
Q

Ant Deltoid Origin

A

Lateral third of clavicle

185
Q

Ant Deltoid I

A

Deltoid tubersity of humerus

186
Q

Ant Deltoid main funct

A

conc accels shoulder flexion and internal rotation

187
Q

Ant Deltoid syn funct

A

ecc decel shoulder extension and external rot, and isom stabilizes shoulder girdle

188
Q

Med Deltoid O

A

Acromion process of scapula

189
Q

Med Delt I

A

deltoid tuberosity of humerus

190
Q

Med delt main function

A

conc accells shoulder abd

191
Q

Med delt syn function

A

ecc del shoulder add, & isom stabs shoulder girdle

192
Q

Posterior Deltoid Origin

A

spine of scapula

193
Q

Post delt I

A

deltoid tubersoity of humerus

194
Q

Post delt main funct

A

Conc accel shoulder ext and ext rot

195
Q

Post delt syn function

A

Ecc decel shoulder flexion and internal rot, isom stabs shoulder girdle

196
Q

Teres major O

A

Inf angle of scapula

197
Q

Teres major I

A

lesser tubercle of humerus

198
Q

Teres major main funct

A

conc accels shoulder internal rot, add, and extension

199
Q

Teres major syn funct

A

Ecc decels shoulder ext rot, abd, and flexion. Isom stabs shoulder girdle

200
Q

Teres minor O

A

lateral border of scap

201
Q

Teres minor I

A

greater tubercle of humerus

202
Q

Teres minor main funct

A

conc accel shoulder external rotation

203
Q

Teres minor syn funct

A

Ecc decelerates shoulder internal rotation, isom stabs shoulder girdle

204
Q

Infraspinatus O

A

Infrapinous fossa of scapula

205
Q

Infraspinatus I

A

Middle facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus

206
Q

Infraspinatus main function

A

Conc accels shoulder ext rot

207
Q

Infraspinatus syn funct

A

ecc decels shoulder internal rot, isom stabilizes shoulder girdle

208
Q

Subscapularis O

A

subscapular fossa of scapula

209
Q

Subscapularis I

A

Lesser tubercle of humerus

210
Q

Subscapularis main funct

A

conc accels shoulder internal rotation

211
Q

subscap syn funct

A

Ecc decelerates shoulder external rot

Isom stabilizes the shoulder girdle

212
Q

supraspinatus o

A

Supraspinous fossa of scap

213
Q

supraspinatus I

A

superior facet of the greater tubercle of humerus

214
Q

supraspinatus main f(c)

A

conc accels abd of arm

215
Q

supraspinatus syn funct

A

Ecc decels add of arm, isom stabilize shoulder girdle

216
Q

what are the 4 muscles of shoulder rot cuff?

A

Infraspinatus, Supraspinatus, teres minor, and subscap

217
Q

Biceps brachii short head O

A

coracoid process of the scap

218
Q

Biceps brachii long head O

A

tubercle above glenoid cavity on the humerus

219
Q

Biceps brachii I

A

radial tuberosity of the radius

220
Q

Biceps brachii main funct

A

Concent acels elbow flexion, supination of radioulnar jt, and shoulder flexion

221
Q

Biceps brachii syn funct

A

Ecc decels elbow ext, pronation of RU jt, and shoulder extension, and isom stabs elbow and shoulder girdle

222
Q

Triceps brachii long head O

A

Infraglenoid tubercle of scap

223
Q

Triceps brachii short and medial head O

A

posterior humerus

224
Q

Triceps brachii main funct

A

Concentrically accels elbow extension and shoulder ext

225
Q

Triceps brachii I

A

oleceranon process of ulna

226
Q

Triceps brachii syn funct

A

Ecc decels elbow flex and shoulder flex, isom stabs elbow and shoulder girdle

227
Q

Brachioradialis O

A

lateral suprcondylar ridge of humerus

228
Q

Brachioradialis I

A

lateral surface of distal radius, immediately above styloid process

229
Q

Brachioradialis main function

A

conc accel elbow flex

230
Q

Brachioradialis syn functio

A

ecc decel elbow extension, isom stab the elbow

231
Q

Brachialis O

A

Lower half of the ant surface of the humerus

232
Q

Brachialis I

A

tuberosity and coronoid prociess of the ulna

233
Q

Brachialis main funct

A

conc accel elbwow flexion

234
Q

Brachialis syn function

A

ecc decel elbow exten, isom stabilizes elbow

235
Q

lev scap o

A

transverse processes of C1-C4

236
Q

lev scap I

A

superior vertebral border of scapulae

237
Q

lev scap main funct

A

Conc accel cervical extension, lateral flex, ispila rot when scapulae is anchored, and assists in elvation and downward rot of scapulae

238
Q

lev scap syn funct

A

Ecc decels cervical flex and contralateral cervical rot and lateral rot, scap dep and upward rot when neck stabilzed, and stabilzes C spine and scaps

239
Q

Sternocleidomastoid sternal head O

A

top of manubrium

240
Q

Sternocleidomastoid clav head O

A

Medial 1/3 of clav

241
Q

Sternocleidomastoid I

A

mastoid process, lateral superior nuchal line of the occiput of the skull

242
Q

Sternocleidomastoid main funct

A

conc acceles c flex, rot, and lateral flex

243
Q

Sternocleidomastoid syn funct

A

ecc decels c ect, rot, and lateral flex, isom stabs the C spine and AC jt

244
Q

Scalenes O

A

transverse processes of C3-C7

245
Q

Scalenes I

A

first and second ribs

246
Q

Scalenes main funct

A

conc accels c flexion, rot, and lateral flex, and assists rib elevation during inhalation

247
Q

Scalenes syn funct

A

ecc decels C ext, rot, and lateral flexion;isom stabs C spine

248
Q

Longus coli O

A

Ant portion of T1-T3

249
Q

Longus coli I

A

Anterior and lateral C1

250
Q

Longus coli main funct

A

Conc accels cervical flexion, lat flexion, and ipsilateral rot

251
Q

Longus coli syn funct

A

Ecc decels c extension, lat flex, and contralat rot; isom stabs C spine

252
Q

Longus capitis O

A

transverse processes C3-C6

253
Q

Longus capitis I

A

inf occipital bone

254
Q

Longus capitis main funct

A

conc accel cervical flex and lateral flexion

255
Q

Longus capitis syn funct

A

ecc decels c ext, isom stabs the c spine

Muscles Physiologia (3 decks)

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