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Anatomy > Muscles of Head/Neck > Flashcards

Muscles of Head/Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior Scalene Muscle

A

Origin: anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of vertebrae C3-C6

Insertion: scalene tubercle of the first rib

Action: elevates the first rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck brachial plexus,

Innervation: C5-C7 ascending cervical a., a branch of the thyrocervical trunk

Location: an important landmark of the neck; it is located posterior is subclavian artery; the roots of the brachial plexus pass posterior to it; (interscelene triangle)
ANTERIOR TO ANTERIOR SCALENE = phrenic nerve and SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

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2
Q

Aryepiglottic

A

Origin: apex (superior part) of the arytenoid cartilage

Insertion: epiglottis

Action: draws the epiglottis posteriorly and downward during swallowing

Innervation:recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the of vagus (X)

Artery: superior laryngeal of the superior thyroid a. (of the external carotid)

Location: the mucosa is raised by the underlying aryepiglottic m. to form the aryepiglottic fold

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3
Q

Oblique Arytenoid

A

Origin: muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

Insertion: posterior surface of the contralateral arytenoid cartilage, near its apex

Action: Draws arytenoid cartilages together, ADDUCTING THE VOCAL CORDS!!!

Innervation: recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the of vagus (X)

Artery: superior laryngeal of the superior thyroid (of the external cartoid)

Location: the oblique arytenoid m. lies posterior to the transverse arytenoid m.; the arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse fibers

Aryepiglottic and oblique arytenoid muscles close the
laryngeal inlet.

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4
Q

Transverse Arytenoid

A

Origin: posterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage

Insertion: posterior surface of the contralateral arytenoid cartilage

Innervation: recurrent laryngeal (vagus X)

Action: draws arytenoid cartilages together, adducting the vocal folds

Artery: superior laryngeal of superior thyroid a.

Location: transverse arytenoid m.; the arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse fibers

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5
Q

Auricular Muscles

A

Auricularis anterior
Auricularis posterior
Auricularis superior

Action: wiggles ears

Innervation: Motor

  • anterior & superior = temporal branches of facial nerve (VII)
  • posterior = posterior auricular branch of facial nerve (VII)

Artery: superficial temporal a., posterior auricular a.

Location:the auricular muscles are derived from the mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arch, as are all the muscles of facial expression

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6
Q

Buccinator

A

Origin: pterygomandibular raphe (from the hamulus to posterior aspect of the mylohyoid line), mandible, and the maxilla lateral to the molar teeth

Insertion: angle of mouth and the lateral portion of the upper and lower lips (Modiolus = - the space where a bunch of the facial muscles are coming in)

Action: pulls the corner of mouth laterally; presses the cheek against the teeth

Innervation: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

Artery: facial a.

Notes: *Although the buccinator is important in mastication, it is innervated by the buccal branch of the facial nerve and NOT by the buccal nerve from V3 (a sensory nerve), the long buccal branch runs through buccinator but does not innervate!

*The parotid duct pierces through buccinator muscle and empties out above the 2nd maxillary molar

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7
Q

Ciliary m.

A

Encircles the ciliary process

Action: Relaxes the suspensory ligament of the lens

Innervation: parasympathetic fibers in the oculomotor nerve (III) synapsing in the ciliary ganglion

Artery: ophthalmic a.

NOTE: *relaxation of the suspensory ligament allows the lens to thicken for accommodation (near vision) and strength of the ligament allows for flatting of the lens for accommodation (far vision)

Far vision = sympathetics
Near vision = parasympathetics

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8
Q

Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor

A

Origin: 4 Heads

1) Hamulus of Medial Ptyergoid
- pterygopharyngeus muscle
2) Pterygomandibular Raphe
- Buccophayngeus m.
3) Posterior Part of Mylohyoid line
- Mylopharyngeus m.
4) Tongue
- glossopharyngeus m.

Insertion:
-pharyngeal raphe
- pharyngeal tubercle
Action: Constrict walls of Pharynx during Swallowing

Innervation: Motor supply is the Pharyngeal Plexus

Artery: Ascending Pharyngeal a. (branch of external carotid)

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9
Q

Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor

A

Origin: 2 heads

1) thyroid cartilage. oblique line, and tendinous arch (which spans the cricothyroid muscle)
- THYROPHARYNGEUS M.

2) Cricoid Cartilage
- CIRCOPHARYNGEUS M.

Insertion: Pharyngeal raphe
Circopharyngeus m does not insert on pharyngeal raphe but instead continues across the midline acting as SPHINCTER

Action: Constrict walls of Pharynx during Swallowing

Innervation: Thyropharyngeus: pharyngeal plexus
Circopharyngeus is supplied by either the external laryngeal or the recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN-X)

~ WHY ARE THEY DIFFERENT?! ~
Because it is always contracted until you swallow and then it relaxes to let bolus through
(and thyropharyngeus is the opposite)

Artery: ascending pharyngeal a., superior thyroid a., inferior thyroid a.

NOTE: Dehiscence of Killian is located posteriorly between the two parts of the inferior constrictor and is a sparse zone of fibers; potential site for mucosal out pouching

AREA OF LAIMER: Inferior to Cricopharyngeus, between longitudinal muscles of esophagus

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10
Q

Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor

A

Origin: 2 heads

1) greater horn
- ceratopharyngeus m.
2) lesser horn an stylohyoid ligment
- chondropharyngeus m.

Insertion:
-pharyngeal raphe

Action: Constrict walls of Pharynx during Swallowing

Innervation: Pharyngeal Plexus

Artery: Ascending Pharyngeal a.

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11
Q

Three Longitudinal Muscles

A

1) Stylopharyngeus (only muscle innervated by CN-IX)
2) Salpingopharyngeus
3) Palatopharyngeus

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12
Q

Palatopharyngeus

A

Origin: 2 heads
- from posterior edge of hard palate

Insertion: wall of pharynx, posterior border of thyroid cartilage

Action: elevates the larynx

Innervation: pharyngeal plexus

Artery: ascending pharyngeal a.

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13
Q

Salpingopharyngeus

A

Origin: pharynogtympanic tube

Insertion: wall of pharynx

Innervation: pharyngeal plexus

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14
Q

Stylopharyngeus

A

Origin: styloid proccess
Insertion: pharyngeal constrictors, posterior border of thyroid cartilage

Innervation: CN-IX
fibers enter pharynx through superior and middle constrictors

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15
Q

Infrahyoid Muscles

A

Omohyoid Superior/Inferior
Thyrohoid
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid

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16
Q

Suprahyoid

A

Mylohoid
Geniohyoid
Anterior/Posterior Belly of Digastric
Stylohyoid:

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17
Q

Carotid Triangle

A

The carotid triangle of the neck has the following boundaries:

Superior: Posterior belly of the digastric muscle.
Lateral: Medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Inferior: Superior belly of the omohyoid muscle.

The main contents of the carotid triangle are the common carotid artery (which bifurcates within the carotid triangle into the external and internal carotid arteries), the internal jugular vein, and the hypoglossal and vagus nerves, carotid sinus,

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18
Q

Carotid Sheath

A

the vagus nerve between the internal jugular vein and the carotid artery; the recurrent laryngeal nerves (will be medial to the contents of the carotid sheath, running up the trachea on either side)

in the upper part of the sheath, also contains CN-IX, CN-X, CN-XI, CN-XII

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19
Q

Submandibular (Diagstric) Triangle

A

The submandibular triangle is located underneath the body of the mandible. It contains the submandibular gland (salivary), and lymph nodes. The facial artery and vein also pass through this area.

The boundaries of the submandibular triangle are:

Superiorly: Body of the mandible.
Anteriorly: Anterior belly of the digastric muscle.
Posteriorly: Posterior belly of the digastric muscle.

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20
Q

Muscular Triangle

A

Has four boundaries. The muscular triangle is also unique in containing no vessels of note. It does however contain some muscles and organs – the infrahyoid muscles, the pharynx, and the thyroid, parathyroid glands.

The boundaries of the muscular triangle are:
Superiorly: The hyoid bone.
Medially: Imaginary midline of the neck.
Supero-laterally: Superior belly of the omohyoid muscle.
Infero-laterally: Inferior portion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

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21
Q

Posterior Triangle

A

lateral aspect of the neck.

Anterior: Posterior border of the SCM.
Posterior: Anterior border of the trapezius muscle.
Inferior: Middle 1/3 of the clavicle.
The posterior triangle of the neck is covered by the investing layer of fascia, and the floor is formed by the prevertebral fascia (see fascial layers of the neck).

Cervical Plexus

Accessory Nerve

Phrenic Nerve

Brachial Plexus

omohyoid splits into two bellies by a tendon. The inferior belly crosses the posterior triangle, travelling in an supero-medial direction, and splitting the triangle into two. The muscle then crosses underneath the SCM to enter the anterior triangle of the neck.

A number of vertebral muscles (covered by prevertebral fascia) form the floor of the posterior triangle:

Splenius capitis
Levator scapulae
Anterior, middle and posterior scalenes

external jugular vein (formed by the retromandibular and posterior auricular veins) it lies superficially, entering the posterior triangle after crossing the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Within the posterior triangle, the external jugular vein pierces the investing layer of fascia and empties into the subclavian vein.

The transverse cervical and suprascapular veins also lie in the posterior triangle

The subclavian, transverse cervical and suprascapular veins are accompanied by their respective arteries in the posterior triangle.

The distal part of the subclavian artery can be located as it emerges between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. As it crosses the first rib, it becomes the axillary artery, which goes onto supply the upper limb.

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22
Q

Orbicularis Oris

A

SOLE MUSCLE TO CLOSE LABIAL FISSURE

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23
Q

Orbicularis Oculi

A

SOLE MUSCLE TO CLOSE PALPEBRAL FISSURE

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24
Q

SCALP

A

Skin
Connective subcutaneous tissue
Aponeurosis:
- layers of flat tendon forming a
connective tissue. Connecting two muscles the
FRONTALIS (muscle sitting over the frontal bone) with
a muscle called the OCCIPITALIS (muscle that sits on
the back of the occiput) – Both are muscles of facial
expression. –> The occipitalis and frontalis are
connected by way of aponeurosis they work together toraise the skin over the forehead.
Loose areolar tissue
Periosteum
—> PARIETAL EMISSARY VEINS - on the parietal
bone you have parietal foramina that emit these
emissary veins can transmit infection from the outside
of the skull into the dural sinus

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25
Q

Depressor Anguli Oris

A

Origin: oblique line of the mandible

Insertion: angle of the mouth

Action: pulls the corner of the mouth downward; a “frown” muscle

Innervation: marginal mandibular & buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)

Artery: inferior labial branch of the facial a., mental a.

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26
Q

Levator Anguli Oris

A

Action: elevates the angle of the mouth: smile muscle

Innervation: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

Atery: infraorbital a., superior labial branch of the facial a.

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27
Q

Zygomaticus major

A

elevates and draws the corner of the mouth laterally; smile muscle

Innervation: zygomatic and buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)

Artery: transverse facial a., facial a. a “smile” muscle

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28
Q

Risorius

A

draws the corner of the mouth laterally buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII) transverse facial a., facial a.

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29
Q

Levator Labii Superioris

A

elevates the upper lip buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) infraorbital a., superior labial branch of the facial a. levator labii superioris is used to bare the upper incisor teeth, as in a sneer

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30
Q

Dilator Pupillae

A

Dilates the pupil via sympathetic fibers via short ciliary nerves, synapsing in superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Artery: ophthalmic a.

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31
Q

Frontalis

A

elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead
Innervation: temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII)

Arteries: supraorbital and supratrochlear aa.

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32
Q

Levator labii superioris alaque nasi

A

elevates the upper lip and flares the nostril buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) infraorbital a., superior labial branch of the facial a.

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33
Q

What is a muscle of facial expression?

A

surround openings on the face: ear, nose, eyes or

mouth.

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34
Q

Platysma

A

thin muscle that arises in the neck and descends
down to the thorax but is still a muscle of facial expression.

Innervation: Cervical branch of facial nerve

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35
Q

Connections of the Nasal Cavity

A

To orbits via nasolacrimal ducts/canals

To oral cavity via incisive foramen
- (greater palatine a. and nasopalatine n. travel through this foramen in opposite directions to/from nasal cavity)

To anterior cranial fossa via cribiform plate, foramen cecum, ethmoidal foramina
- infection can spread through foramen cecum/essimary veins from nasocavity to skull

To pterygopalatine fossa via sphenopalatine foramen

***ITF&raquo_space; pterygomaxillary fissure&raquo_space; PPF&raquo_space; sphenopalatine foramen&raquo_space; Nasal Cavity **

To face via nares (nostrils)

To nasopharynx via choanae (posterior opening of nasal cavity)

To paranasal sinuses via various pathways

To middle ear via nasopharynx and pharyngotympanic tube (eustachian tube)

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36
Q

Pathway of Tears

A

Eye&raquo_space; Nasolacrimal duct (lacrimal sac)&raquo_space; through canal in maxilla&raquo_space; lacrimal bone&raquo_space;behind inferior nasal conchae&raquo_space; INFERIOR NASAL MEATUS

37
Q

Temporalis

A

Origin: Inferior Temporal Line

Insertion: Coronoid Process and anterior border of the ramus of the mandible

Function: elevates and retract

Innervation: Anterior and Superior Deep Temporal n. (anterior division of mandibular division (V3) of trigeminal)

Blood supply: Anterior and Superior Deep Temporal n.

38
Q

Lateral Pterygoid

A

2 heads: superior lat. and inferior lat.
Origin:
Sup. =Infratemporal Crest (located in the sphenoid bone –greater wing).
Inf = Lateral aspect of lateral pterygoid plate

Insertion:
Sup= Articulating Disc
Inf = Pterygoid Fovea

Function: Protrude, depress and contralateral excursion -protrudes by pulling mandibular
head and articular disc forwards

Innervation: n to the lateral pterygoid (anterior division of V3)

Blood supply: lat pterygoid a. (branch off 2nd part of Maxillary a.)

Note long buccal nerve emerges
between the two heads of the lateral pterygoid and the deep temporal nerves emerge superior to the superior (upper) head of the lateral pterygoid.

39
Q

Medial Pterygoid

A

2 heads: Deep (internal) and Superficial (external)
Origin:
Deep= Medial aspect of lateral pterygoid plate
Super = Maxillary Tuberosity

Insertion: Medial aspect of angle of mandible

Function: elevate, protrudes, medial
movement

Innervation: medial pterygoid n. (directly off trunk of V3)

Blood supply: medial pterygoid a. (2nd part of maxillary a.)

Note lingual + inferior alveolar nerve both emerge between lateral and medial pterygoid muscles

40
Q

Masseter

A

Origin: Zygomatic arch
Insertion: Lateral aspect of ramus and angle of mandible

Function: elevate

Innervation: masseteric n. (anterior division of Mandibular (V3)); arises in the ITF and
passes through the mandibular notch and goes laterally to the masseter.

Blood supply: masseteric a. (2nd part of Maxillary a.)

**The muscle is NOT in the infra temporal fossa
because it is LATERAL not medial to the ramus of the
mandible by the angle of the mandible. The nerve that
supplies it arises in the ITF.
passes through the
mandibular notch and goes laterally to the masseter.

41
Q

Border of Infratemporal Fossa

A

Posterior to maxilla

Anterior to styloid process
(and the carotid sheath with its
contents)

Medial to ramus of mandible

Lateral to lateral pterygoid plate

42
Q

Temporal Fascia

A

covering the temporalis muscle. The temporal fascia arises from the superior temporal line and comes down and attaches to the zygomatic arch.

43
Q

Stylomandibuar Ligament

A

runs from the styloid process to the posterior aspect

of the mandible

44
Q

Sphenomandibular Ligament

A

runs from the spine of the sphenoid to the lingula of the mandible

The sphenomandibular ligament is coming
down and then it splits at it’s insertion right at that mandibular foramen where the nerve to the
mylohyoid and accompanying artery pass through the ligament. The maxillary artery passes between the ligament and neck of the mandible)

45
Q

Temporomandibular Ligament

A

lateral aspect of the TMJ. from temporal to mandible

46
Q

PHARYNX

A 
Nasopharynx
-anterior to vertebra C1
Oropharynx
-anterior to vertebrae C2-3
Laryngo pharynx
-anterior to vertebrae C4-6

inferior to C6 = esophagus (so pharynx runs from base of skull to C-6)

47
Q

Describe Swallowing

A

When we swallow, the posterior 1/3 of the tongue comes back and pushes the epiglottis down, which seals off the laryngeal inslet from the laryngopharynx (prevents food from entering airways)

Rima glottidis, rima vestibuli, and vestibule
are closed and laryngeal inlet is narrowed
• Larynx moves up and forward
– Opens esophagus
• Epiglottis swings down to arytenoid
cartilages
– Narrows or closes laryngeal inlet

48
Q

Nasopharynx

A

The pharyngeal recess is located in the nasopharynx,
posterior and lateral to the salpingopharyngeal fold. It isthe widest part of the nasopharynx. The Internal carotid lies external and lateral to the recess.

Pharyngobasilar fascia keeps the nasopharynx open at all times.

49
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

The piriform fossa is located in the anterior aspect of
the laryngopharynx. The internal laryngeal nerve may be observed here deep to the covering mucosa. Foreign particles may become lodged here.

50
Q

Retropharyngeal Space

A

just posterior to the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle between the pre-vertebral fascia and the buccopharyngeal fascia

51
Q

Muscles of the Soft Palate

A
  • levator veli palatini
  • tensor veli palatini
  • musculus uvulae
52
Q

Muscles of the Soft Palate

A
  • levator veli palatini
  • tensor veli palatini
  • musculus uvulae

Soft palate in the oropharynx and functions to seal the pharyngeal ismthus so when you are swallowing, things don’t find there way into the nasopharynx

53
Q

Levator Veli Palatini

A

Inserts between the 2 heads of the palatopharyngeus.

Action: elevates the soft palate when it contracts to close the pharyngeal isthmus

Innervation: vagus nerve (X) via the pharyngeal plexus

Artery: ascending pharyngeal a.

A derivative of the fourth pharyngeal arch

54
Q

Tensor Veli Palatini

A

Action: forms an aponeurosis with the soft palate; opens the auditory tube; tenses the soft palate

wraps around the pterygoid hamulus on the medial pterygoid

Innervation: n. of medial pterygoid off of the trunk of V3
(Mandibular div. of Trigeminal)

Atrery: ascending pharyngeal a.

55
Q

Musculus Uvulae

A

-origin:posterior nasal spine,
palatine aponeurosis

Action: shortens the uvula

Innervation: vagus nerve (X) via pharyngeal plexus

Artery: lesser palatine a.

the soft palate and uvula resist the upward pressure of the tongue during swallowing

If one of the muscles of the uvula is damaged, the uvula deviates to the OPPOSITE SIDE
EX. right side is damaged, it’ll swing left

56
Q

Palatopharyngeal Sphincter

A

muscle coming off the soft palate and going into the posterior wall of the pharynx

when contracts, its going to seal off the pharyngeal isthmus and when its underneath mucosa when someone is swallowing, it causes temporary rise in the mucos referred to as PASSAVANT’S RIDGE

57
Q

Pharyngotympanic Tube (Auditory Tube)

A

Cartilaginous part of the auditory tube is located between the levator and the tensor veli palatini; when they contract, it expands tube, when they relax, it equalizes air pressure on each side of the tympanic mem.

58
Q

Pharynx GAPS

A 
Gap-1
-auditory tube
-levator veli palatini
Gap-2
-stylopharyngeus m.
-glosspharyngeal n.
Gap-3
-superior laryngeal vessels
-internal laryngeal n.
Gap-4
-recurrent laryngeal n.
-inferior laryngeal a.
59
Q

Circothyroid Membrane

A

Attachments: arch of cricoid, upper free margin
attaches thyroid cartilage and vocal process of
arytenoid cartilage
– Free upper margin forms vocal ligament/vocal fold
(true vocal fold)

60
Q

Quadrangular membrane

A

– Attachments: lateral margin of epiglottis and
arytenoid & corniculate cartilages
– Free lower margin forms vestibular ligament/
vestibular fold (false vocal fold)

61
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx

A 
Function: 
• Adjust tension in vocal ligaments
• Open and close rima glottidis
• Control the inner dimensions of
vestibule
• Close rima vestibuli
• Help close laryngeal inlet
62
Q

Joints of the Larynx

A 
• Synovial
• Cricothyroid
– Enable thyroid cartilage to move forward and
tilt downward
• Crico-arytenoid
– Allow arytenoid cartilages to slide away from
or towards each other
– Rotate vocal processes
63
Q

Vocalis

A

shortens and relaxes the vocal fold (along with

thyroarytenoid).

64
Q

Cricothyroid muscles

A

stretch and tense the vocal folds.

65
Q

Eyelids (Palpebrae)

A
  • Protect cornea and eyeball
  • Spread lacrimal fluid

• Covered externally by skin, internally by conjunctiva,
strengthened by tarsal plates, contains muscle

  • Palpebral fissure: space between open eyelids
  • Palpebrae meet at angles (canthi) of eye
66
Q

Levator Palpebrae Superioris

A

Action: elevates the upper eyelid

Innervation: oculomotor nerve (CN-III) (superior branch) and sympathetics (to the superior tarsal portion) Post ganglionic sympathetic fibers from superior
cervical ganglion to superior tarsal muscle (often
considered part of Levator palpebrae superioris)

Atery: ophthalmic a.

fibers inserting into the superior tarsal plate are called superior tarsal muscle and are smooth muscle; lesion of the sympathetic supply causes slight ptosis (drooping of the eyelid)

67
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus

A 
Produces, moves, drains fluid
• Lacrimal gland continuously secretes
• Fluid accumulates in lacrimal lake
• Lacrimal canaliculi drain fluid
• Canaliculi enter lacrimal sac
• Blinking forces fluid into nasolacrimal duct
• Duct drains into inferior meatus
68
Q

Medial Rectus

A

Action adducts the corneal part of the eyeball (brings eye medially)

Innveration: Oculomotor nerve (III) (inferior division)

Artery: ophthalmic a.

69
Q

Lateral Rectus

A

Action abducts the corneal part of the eyeball (brings eye lateral)

Innveration: Adducens (CN-VI)

Artery: ophthalmic a.

70
Q

Superior Rectus

A

Action elevation (eye looks up)

Innveration: Oculomotor nerve (III) (superior division)

Artery: ophthalmic a.

71
Q

Inferior Rectus

A

Action depression (eye looks down)

Innveration: Oculomotor nerve (III)

Artery: ophthalmic a.

72
Q

Superior Oblique

A

Action: depression and abduction (down and lateral)

Innveration: Trochlear (CN-IV)

Artery: ophthalmic a.

73
Q

Inferior Oblique

A

Action adducts and elevates (up and medial)

Innveration: Oculomotor nerve (III)

Artery: ophthalmic a.

74
Q

Walls of Eyeballs

A

Three layers

– Outer fibrous layer
• Sclera and cornea

– Middle vascular layer
• choroid, ciliary body, iris

– Retina
• Optic and nonvisual

Nonvisual part of retina:
Internal surface of
ciliary body and iris
Continuation of
pigmented layer

Ora serrata part of retina:
Junction between
optic and non visual
parts

75
Q

Sclera

A

White of the eye
– Pierced by vessels and nerves
– Provides attachment for muscles

76
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent

– Allows light to enter eyes

77
Q

Choroid

A

Posterior

• Thin, highly vascular

• Firmly attached to retina; loosely attached to
sclera

78
Q

Ciliary body

A 
Between choroid and iris
• Forms ring
• Ciliary muscle
– Smooth muscle
– Preganglionic n – CN III;
– Postganglionic n from ciliary ganglion
– Accommodation of lens for near vision
• Ciliary processes
– secrete aqueous humor
79
Q

Accomodation/Dilation/Constriction

A

• Adaptation for near vision

• Increase in curvature of lens
– At rest, suspensory ligament pulls on lens (parasympathetics - lens gets rounder)
– Contraction of ciliary m. releases tension on suspensory ligament of lens
(sympathetics - lens gets flatter)

Sphincter pupillae: parasympathetics, constricts
– Dilator pupillae: sympathetics, increases opening

80
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A

Caused by lesion in cervical sympathetic trunk
• Features:
Pupillary constriction
paralysis of dilator pupillae
Partial ptosis
due to paralysis of smooth muscle
No sweating on ipsilateral side of face & neck

81
Q

Aqueous Humor vs. Vitreous Humor

A

Fills anterior and posterior chambers
• Supplies nutrients to avascular cornea and lens
• Secreted into posterior chamber
• Absorbed into scleral venous sinus (Canal of
Schlemm)

Glaucoma: increase in intraocular pressure
Blindness can result from compression of neural
layer of retina and blood supply to retina

vitreous humor (cannot be replaced)
Transmits light, holds retina in place, supports lens
82
Q

Muscles of Floor of Oral Cavity

A 
• Mylohyoid muscle
 A mobile
diaphragm with a
free posterior
margin

• Mylohyoid line
• Anterior and
posterior digastric
muscles

• Geniohyoid muscle

**Notice that the submandibular gland
wraps around the posterior free margin
of the mylohyoid
>>>intraoral lobe and extraoral lobe of
submandibular gland
83
Q

Muscles of the Tongue

A

All innervated by hypoglossal (CN XII) except palatoglossus (CN X via pharyngeal plexus)

Intrinsic (change the shape of the tongue)

  • Transverse (narrow or lengthen)
    - Vertical (widen and flatten)
  • Superior and inferior longitudinal (stick tongue out/thin or make it shorter/fatter)

Extrinsic (move the tongue)

  • Palatoglossus
  • Hyoglossus
  • Styloglossus
    - Genioglossus

Paralyzed genioglossus on one side results in deviation to ipsilateral
(paralyzed) side when tongue is protrudes

84
Q

Styloglossus

A

From styloid process to tongue

Elevates and retracts the tongue

85
Q

Hyoglossus

A

From hyoid to tongue

Depresses the tongue

A landmark muscle (like the
anterior scalene)
Lateral to the hyoglossus
• lingual nerve
• hypoglossal nerve
• vena comitans of hypoglossal
nerve
Medial to hyoglossus
• glossopharyngeal nerve
• lingual artery
• vena comitans of the lingual
artery
• dorsal lingual arteries and
veins
86
Q

Palatoglossus

A

From soft palate to tongue

Elevates posterior tongue

Depresses soft palate

Moves fold toward midline

Helps close oropharyngeal isthmus

Innervated by CN X via
pharyngeal plexus

87
Q

Movements of soft palate

A

Normal Breathing: soft palate is relaxed and the air travels from oropharynx down or nasopharynx down or both

Swallowing: lift up soft palate and going to contact passavan’ts ridge and close space between the nasopharnx and oropharynx so when you swallow, the food does not go back into nasal cavity. (closes pharyngeal isthmus)

Oral Cavity filled:
put the soft palate down against the back of the tongue using the palatoglossus muscle so things don’t leak out
(do this when you are not ready to swallow)

88
Q

Lateral to the hyoglossus

A

-lingual nerve
-hypoglossal nerve
-vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve
(formed by the joining of the deep
lingual vein and the sublingual vein.
Note: some authors refer to the vena
comitans of the hypoglossal nerve as
the deep lingual vein also)

89
Q

Medial to hyoglossus

A

-glossopharyngeal nerve
-llingual artery
-dorsal lingual veins and the vena
comitans of the lingual artery.

Anatomy (14 decks)

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