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MSS > Muscles, Nerves, Arteries, Veins Lower Limb > Flashcards

Muscles, Nerves, Arteries, Veins Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Tibialis anterior

A
  • proximal attachment: lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane
  • distal attachment: plantar surface of medial cuneiform and base of first metatarsal
  • innervation: deep fibular nerve
  • action: dorsiflexes and inverts foot
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2
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A
  • proximal attachment: upper half of medial fibula and interosseous membrane
  • distal attachment: dorsal surface of middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
  • innervation: deep fibular nerve
  • action: extends lateral four digits and dorsiflexes foot
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3
Q

Extensor hallucis longus

A
  • proximal attachment: anterior surface of mid-fibula and interosseous membrane
  • distal attachment: dorsal surface of distal phalanx of great toe
  • innervation: deep fibular nerve
  • action: extends great toe and dorsiflexes foot
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4
Q

Fibularis longus

A
  • proximal attachment: lateral aspect of proximal fibula
  • distal attachment: plantar surface of medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
  • innervation: superficial fibular nerve
  • action: plantarflexes and everts foot
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5
Q

Fibularis brevis

A
  • proximal attachment: lateral aspect of middle to distal fibula
  • distal attachment: base of 5th metatarsal
  • innervation: superficial fibular nerve
  • action: everts foot
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6
Q

Medial and lateral menisci

A

•enhance joint conformity and absorb energy

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7
Q

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

A

•main bond between femur and tibia

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8
Q

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments

A

•strengthen joint capsule

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9
Q

Patellar ligament

A
  • aka quadriceps ligament

* all four quadriceps attach

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10
Q

Sartorius

A
  • proximal attachment: ASIS
  • distal attachment: superior part of medial tibia
  • innervation: femoral nerve
  • action: flexes and laterally rotates thigh and flexe leg
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11
Q

Rectus femoris

A
  • proximal attachment: ASII
  • distal attachment: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps ligament
  • innervation: femoral nerve
  • action: flexes thigh and extends leg
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12
Q

Vastus medialis

A
  • proximal attachment: posters-medial femoral shaft including linea aspera
  • distal attachment: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps ligament
  • innervation: femoral nerve
  • action: extends leg
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13
Q

Vastus lateralis

A
  • proximal attachment: posters-lateral femoral shaft including linea aspera and greater trochanter
  • distal attachment: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps ligament
  • innervation: femoral nerve
  • actin: extends leg
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14
Q

Vastus intermedius

A
  • proximal attachment: anterior and lateral femoral shaft
  • distal attachment: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps ligament
  • innervation: femoral nerve
  • action: extends leg
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15
Q

Iliopsoas

A

•proximal attachment: Iliacus-iliac fossa
Psoas-lumbar transverse processes
•distal attachment: lesser trochanter
•innervation: Psoas -lumbar ventral nerve
Iliacus-femoral nerve
•action: flexes thigh, stabilises hip joint

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16
Q

Adductor longus

A
  • proximal attachment: pubis
  • distal attachment: mid third posterior femur
  • innervation: obturator nerve
  • action: addicts thigh
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17
Q

Adductor magnus

A
  • proximal attachment: ischiapubic ramus and ischial tuberosity
  • distal attachment: posterior femur
  • innervation: obturator nerve and sciatic nerve
  • action: addicts thigh; upper fibre flex thigh, lower fibre extend thigh
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18
Q

Pectineus

A
  • proximal attachment: superior pubic ramus (pectin)
  • distal attachment: proximal femur just inferior to lesser trochanter
  • innervation: femoral nerve and obturator nerve
  • action: addicts and flexes thigh; assists in medial rotation of thigh
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19
Q

Gracilis

A
  • proximal attachment: pubis
  • distal attachment: superior part of medial tibia
  • innervation: obturator nerve
  • action: adductor thigh, flexes leg
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20
Q

Gluteus maximus

A
  • proximal attachment: posterior ilium and sacrum
  • distal attachment: iliotibial tract, posterior femur (gluteal tuberosity)
  • innervation: inferior gluteal nerve
  • Acton: extends thigh (esp. from flexed position)
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21
Q

Gluteus medius/minimus

A
  • proximal attachment: posterior ilium
  • distal attachment: greater trochanter
  • innervation: superior gluteal nerve
  • action:abducts and medially rotates femur; prevents pelvic drop on opposite side during swing phase of walking
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22
Q

Tensor of fascia lata

A
  • proximal attachment: anterior superior iliac spine and anterior iliac crest
  • distal attachment: lateral proximal tibia via iliotibial tract
  • innervation: superior gluteal nerve
  • action: abducts and medially rotates femur; stabilises hip and knee joints in extension
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23
Q

Piriformis

A
  • proximal attachment: anterior surface of sacrum
  • distal attachment: greater trochanter
  • innervation: ventral rami S1, S2
  • action: laterally rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh
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24
Q

Semitendinous

A
  • proximal attachment: ischial tuberosity
  • distal attachment: medial surface of proximal tibia
  • innervation: sciatic nerve (tibial division)
  • action: extends thigh; flexes leg
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25
Q

Semimembranous

A
  • proximal attachment: ischial tuberosity
  • distal attachment: posteromedial surface of proximal tibia
  • innervation: sciatic nerve
  • action: extends thigh; flexes leg
26
Q

Biceps femoris

A
  • proximal attachment: long head; ischial tuberosity (short head, posterior femur)
  • distal attachment: head fibula
  • innervation: sciatic nerve (long head - tibial division; short head - common fibular division)
  • action: extends thigh; flexes leg
27
Q

Gastrocnemius

A
  • proximal attachment: distal posterior femur
  • distal attachment: calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
  • innervation: tibial nerve
  • action: plantarflexes foot; flexes leg
28
Q

Soleus

A
  • proximal attachment: posterior surface of proximal tibia and fibula
  • distal attachment: calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
  • innervation: tibial nerve
  • action: plantarflexes foot
29
Q

Tibialis posterior

A
  • proximal attachment: posterior surface of tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane
  • distal attachment: plantar urraca of navicular, medial cuneiform, cuboid, calcaneus, 2-4 metatarsal
  • innervation: tibial nerve
  • action: plantarflexes and inverts foot
30
Q

Flexor hallucis longus

A
  • proximal attachment: posterior surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane
  • distal attachment: plantar surface of distal phalanx of great toe
  • innervation: tibial nerve
  • action: flexes great toe
31
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A
  • proximal attachment: posterior surface of tibia
  • distal attachment: plantar surface of distal phalanges of of lateral 4 digits
  • innervation: tibial nerve
  • action: flexes lateral 4 toes and plantarflexes foot
32
Q

Plantaris

A
  • proximal attachment: posterolateral aspect of distal femur
  • distal attachment: calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
  • innervation: tibial nerve
  • action: weakly assists in plantaflexion of foot
33
Q

Popliteus

A
  • proximal attachment: lateral femoral condyle
  • distal attachment: posterior surface of proximal tibia
  • innervation: tibial nerve
  • action: unlocks knee joint by laterally rotating femur on fixed tibia
34
Q

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

A
  • sensory only
  • no terminal branch
  • anterior: skin of lateral and anterior thigh (thigh ——> knee
  • posterior: skin of lateral portion of thigh (greater trochanter —-> just above knee)
35
Q

Obturator Nerve

A
  • motor and sensory
  • no terminal branch
  • anterior motor: adductor magnus, longus, brevis —-> hip adduction
  • anterior sensory: medial thigh
36
Q

Femoral nerve

A

•motor and sensory
•terminal branch: saphenous nerve
•anterior motor: iliacus, sartorius, rectus femoris ——>hip flexion
quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, intermedius, lateris) —> knee extension
•anterior sensory: anteromedial thigh, medial leg and foot (via saphenous)

37
Q

Saphenous nerve

A
  • sensory only
  • no terminal branch (it IS a terminal branch!!!)
  • anterior sensory: medial leg and foot
38
Q

Sciatic nerve

A
  • motor and sensory (not direct, via branches of common fibular and tibial)
  • terminal branch: common fibular nerve and tibial nerve
  • posterior motor: semitendinous, semimembranous, biceps femoris —-> knee flexion
39
Q

Common fibular nerve

A
  • motor and sensory
  • terminal branches: deep fibular and superficial fibular
  • posterior motor: biceps femoris —-> knee flexion
  • lateral sensory: lateral knee
  • posterior sensory: via sural nerve
  • anterior sensory: via superficial fibular nerve and deep fibular nerve
40
Q

Superficial fibular

A
  • motor and sensory
  • no terminal branch
  • anterior motor: fibularis longus, brevis —->eversion of foot
  • anterior sensory: anterolateral foot, dorsum of foot except for first web space
41
Q

Deep fibular nerve

A

•motor and sensory
•no terminal branch
•anterior motor: tibialis anterior —-> ankle dorsiflexion
extensor digitalis longus —-> 4 toes extension
extensor hallucis longus —-> big toe extension
•anterior sensory: first webspace

42
Q

How many muscles in thigh? Which arteries supply the muscles of the thigh?

A

Posterior thigh
•3: semitendinous, semimebranous, biceps femoris
•branches of deep femoral artery, medial circumflex femoral artery

Anterior thigh
•5: sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
•great saphenous vein
•deep femoral artery, lateral circumflex femoral artery

Medial thigh
•6: gracilis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis, pectineus, obturator externus
•great saphenous vein
•obturator artery

43
Q

How many muscles in the leg? Which arteries supply the muscles in the leg?

A

Posterior
•7: plantaris, popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum hallucis, tibialis posterior, soleus, gastrocnemius
•small saphenous vein
•posterior tibial artery

Lateral:
•2: fibularis longus, fibularis brevis
•fibular artery

Anterior
•3: tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
•great saphenous vein
•anterior tibial artery

44
Q

Labrum

A

Fibrocartilaginous ring around the acetabulum that deepens the socket

45
Q

Ligament of the head

A

Tethers the femoral head to the acetabular floor

46
Q

Iliofemoral ligament

A
  • one of the three main ligaments derived from thickenings of the fibrous joint capsule that support the hip joint
  • positioned anteriorly and superiorly, prevents hyperextension
47
Q

Pubufemoral ligament

A
  • one of the three main ligaments derived from thickenings of the fibrous joint capsule that support the hip joint
  • positioned anteriorly and inferiority, prevents overabduction
48
Q

Ischiofemoral ligament

A
  • one of the three main ligaments derived from thickenings of the fibrous joint capsule that support the hip joint
  • positioned posteriorly and limits internal rotation of the hip
49
Q

Fascia of the thigh

A

superficial fascia
•loose, fatty connective tissue containing cutaneous nerves and superficial veins (=hypodermis)

deep fascia
•aka fascia lata, dense connective tissue sleeve enveloping the thigh musculature like a stocking
•extends from ligaments and bones of the pelvic girdle to the bones around the knee join
• limits outward bulging of the thigh during contraction thereby enabling those contracting muscles to assist in venous return
•inter muscular septa’s extending from the fascia lata to the linea aspera divide the thigh into 3 compartments (medial, posterior, anterior)
•laterally fascia lata thickens to form the iliotibial tract, serves as the tendon of the tensor fasciae latae and the gluteus maximus
•continues down the leg and becomes the crural fascia

50
Q

Femoral triangle

A
  • superior border - inguinal ligament
  • lateral border - sartorius muscle
  • medial border - adductor longus muscle
  • floor - pectineus muscle, iliopsoas
  • roof - fascia lata
  • contains: femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, femoral lymphatics
51
Q

Femoral sheath

A
  • 1-2 inch tube like extension of the abdominopelvic fascia encasing the femoral vessels
  • divided into 3 compartments by septa and functions to permit gliding of the vessels during movements of the hip joint
  • (lateral to medial): artery, vein, femoral canal - a blind ended pouch containing lymphatics and fat, the opening is called the femoral ring and is usually covered by a pad of extraperitoneal tissue [site of femoral hernias!]
  • the sheath of the lateral and middle compartments terminates by blending with the adventitia of the femoral artery and vein
52
Q

Saphenous opening

A

An opening in the roof of the fascia lata that covers the femoral triangle, allowing the the great saphenous vein to join the femoral vein

53
Q

Adductor canal

A
  • starts at the apex of the femoral triangle, runs along the adductor magnus and ends at the adductor hiatus
  • contains the femoral vein, saphenous nerve and femoral artery
54
Q

Adductor hiatus

A
  • a gap between the adductor magnus and the femur that allows the passage of femoral vessels from the anterior to the posterior and then to the popliteal fossa
  • the saphenous nerve does not go through!
55
Q

Crural fascia

A
  • deep fascia of the leg
  • separates the muscles into 3 compartments, each compartment contains a single vein and a single main artery (one exception)
  • injury or damage to the muscles can lead to edema and then compartment syndrome
  • dismally, it thins except where it forms the retincula for the long tendons passing into the foot - prevents bowstringing of the tendons during muscle contraction
56
Q

Popliteal fossa

A
  • diamond shaped depression posterior to the knee joint through which neurovascular structures of the thigh must pass to get into the leg
  • superolateral boundary - biceps femoris
  • superomedial boundary - semimembranous and semitendinous
  • roof - fascia lata
  • floor - femur, popliteus
  • connective tissue = fat
  • lymphatics
  • popliteal artery, vein
  • small saphenous vein
  • sciatic nerve —> tibial nerve —->medial sural nerve (cutaneous nerve of posterior leg)
  • sciatic nerve —> common fibular nerve —->lateral sural nerve (cutaneous nerve of posterior leg)
  • plantaris
  • popliteus
57
Q

Spinalis

A
  • part of the erector spinae group - chief extensors of the vertebral column
  • medial column
  • unilateral contraction - ipsilateral bending/rotation
  • bilateral contraction - extension of the head and vertebral column
58
Q

Longissimus

A
  • part of the erector spinae group - chief extensors of the vertebral column
  • middle column
  • unilateral contraction - ipsilateral bending/rotation
  • bilateral contraction - extension of the head and vertebral column
59
Q

Iliocostalis

A
  • part of the erector spinae group - chief extensors of the vertebral column
  • lateral column
  • unilateral contraction - ipsilateral bending/rotation
  • bilateral contraction - extension of the head and vertebral column
60
Q

Semispinalis

A
  • part of the deeper layer of spinal muscles - transverospinal group
  • superficial representative of the group
  • unilateral contraction- rotation of head, cervical and thoracic vertebra in a contralateral direction
  • bilateral contraction - extends head and vertebral column
61
Q

Multifidus

A
  • part of the deeper layer of spinal muscles - transverospinal group
  • deeper, shorter muscle, spanning fewer vertebral levels and therefore serves to fine tune motion between semi adjacent and adjacent vertebra
  • unilateral contraction- rotation of head, cervical and thoracic vertebra in a contralateral direction
  • bilateral contraction - extends head and vertebral column
62
Q

Rotarores

A
  • part of the deeper layer of spinal muscles - transverospinal group
  • deeper, shorter muscle, spanning fewer vertebral levels and therefore serves to fine tune motion between semi adjacent and adjacent vertebra
  • unilateral contraction- rotation of head, cervical and thoracic vertebra in a contralateral direction
  • bilateral contraction - extends head and vertebral column

MSS (14 decks)

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