muscles locomotore Flashcards
biceps brachii
long head
o: supraglenoid tubercle
abductor
prevents superior dislocation of the head of the humerus
short head
o: coracoid process
prevents inferior dislocation of the head of the humerus
in: radial tuberosity
flexor of the elbow joint, supinator
serratus anterior
o: from the first to the 9th rib
in: anteromedial border of scapula
action: abduction of scapula and upwards rotation
trapezius
o: from occipital bone and from all the spinous processes from C7 to T12
in: acromion, acromial end of clavicle and spine of the scapula
superior part
-upward rotation, elevation of scapula, extension of the neck (if both sides are stretched together), lateral flexion and contralateral rotation of neck (if only one side is stretched)
lower part: upward rotation, adduction and depression of scapula
middle: helps the lower trapezius in upward rotation and adduction
rhomboid major and minor
o: spinous processes of the last 2 cervical vertebrae and first 4 thoracic vertebrae
in: medial border of scapula
action: downward rotation, adduction and elevation of the scapula
pectoralis minor
o: from the 3rd to the 5th rib
in: coracoid process
elevation of the ribs from the 3rd to the 5th and depression of scapula
levator scapulae
o: transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae
in: upper medial border of scapula, superior angle
elevation and downward rotation of scapula
lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation of cervical spine
deltoid
o: acromial end of clavicle, spine of scapula and acromion
in: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
action: abduction from the first to the last degrees of actions
anterior and middle parts: horiz. abduction and flexion
posterior part: hor abduction and extension of glenohumeral joint
supraspinatus
o: supraspinous fossa
in: greater tubercle
action: abduction from 0 to 60* (it helps the deltoid
NB: all range of motions of abduction is given by the deltoid)
infraspinatus
o: infraspinous fossa
in: greater tubercle of humerus
action: external rotation
teres minor
o: lateral border of scapula
in: greater tubercle
action: external rotation
subscapularis
o: subscapular fossa
in: lesser tubercle
action: internal rotation
teres major
o:inferior angle of scapula
in:lesser tubercle
action: internal rotation, adduction and extension of glenohumeral joint
pectoralis major
o: clavicle, costal cartilages from 2nd to 7th ribs
in: crest of greater tubercle
adduction, internal rotation and flexion of the glenohumeral joint
coracobrachialis muscle
o: coracoid process
in: medial surface of humeral shaft
action: flexion of glenohumeral joint
brachialis
o: anterior side of humerus
in: proximal anterior part of ulna
action: flexion of forearm
triceps brachii
long head: inferior tubercle of glenoid cavity
lateral head: proximal posterior part of humerus
medial head: medial posterior part of humerus
action: extension of elbow
the long head helps with the extension of the glenohumeral joint
in: olecranon of ulna
brachioradialis muscle
o: lateral supraepicondylar ridge of humerus
in: radial styloid process
action: flexion
pronator in extreme supination
supinator in extreme pronation
flexor muscles of forearm superficial layer
flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris and pronator teres
flexor muscles of forearm intermediate layer
flexor digitorum superficialis
flexor muscles of forearm deep layer
flexor digitorum profundus, pronator quadratus, flexor pollicis longus
pronator teres
o: medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process
in: lateral surface of radius
flexion and pronation of forearm
palmaris longus
o: medial epicondyle of humerus
in: apex of palmar aponeurosis and distal half of flexor retinaculum
flexes the wrist and tenses the palmar aponeurosis
flexor carpi radialis
o: medial epicondyle of humerus
in: base of second metacarpal bone
abduction and flexion of the wrist
flexor carpi ulnaris
o: medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon and ulnar posterior border
in: hamate, pisiform and base of 5th metacarpal bone
adduction and flexion of the wrist
flexor digitorum superficialis
o: medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process
in: middle phalanges of medial 4 digits
flexes middle phalanges of medial 4 digits at proximal interphalangeal joint and proximal phalanges at metacarpophalangeal joint
pronator quadratus
o: distal quarter of anterior surface of ulna
in: distal quarter of anterior surface of radius
pronation of forearm, supports the interosseous membrane
flexor digitorum profundus
o: proximal, medial and anterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane
in: base of distal phalanges of medial 4 digits
flexes distal phalanges of medial 4 digits at distal interphalangeal joints
flexor pollicis longus
o: anterior surface of radius
in: base of distal phalanx of thumb
flexion of the thumb
extensor muscles of forearm superficial layer
extensor carpi ulnaris
extensor digiti minimi
brachioradialis
extensor digitorum
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor carpi ulnaris
o: lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna via shared aponeurosis by the flexor carpi ulnaris
in: base of 5th metacarpal bone (dorsal side)
adduction and extension of the hand at wrist joint
extensor digitorum
o: lateral epicondyle of humerus
in: distal phalanges of medial 4 digits (dorsal side)
extension of middle 4 digits at metacarpophalangeal and at interphalangeal joint
extensor carpi radialis brevis
o: lateral epicondyle
in: dorsal side of base of 3rd metacarpal bone
extension and abduction of hand at wrist joint
extensor carpi radialis longus
o: lateral supra epicondylar ridge of humerus
in: dorsal base of 2nd metacarpal bone
extension and abduction of wrist joint
brachioradialis
o: lateral supraepicondylar ridge of humerus
in: radial styloid process
action: weak flexion of forearm, maximal when is in a midpronated position
extensor digiti minimi
o: lateral epicondyle of humerus
in: dorsal side of distal phalanx of 5th digit
extend the 5th digit primarly at metacarpophalangeal and then interphalangeal
deep layer of extensor muscles of the forearm
supinator
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus
extensor indicis
supinator
o: lateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator fossa, radial and annular collateral ligament, crest of ulna
in: proximal surface of radius
supinates the forearm
extensor indicis
o: posterior surface of distal third of ulna and interosseous membrane
in: distal phalanx of 2nd digit
extension of second digit
abductor pollicis longus
o: posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane
in: base of 1st metacarpal bone
abduct the thumb and extends it at carpometacarpal
extensor pollicis brevis
o: posterior surface of distal third of radius and interosseous membrane
in: dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
extends the thumb and carpometacarpal and metacarpo phalangeal
extensor pollicis longus
o: posterior distal third of ulna and interosseous membrane
in: base of distal phalanx of thumb
extends thumb at metacarpophalangeal, carpometacarpal and interphalangeal
extensor tendons are divided in 6 compartments by the extensor retinaculum
1) abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
2) extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor carpi radialis longus
3)extensor pollicis longus
4)extensor digitorum and extensor indicis
5) extensor digiti minimi
6) extensor carpi ulnaris
thenar intrinsic muscles of the hand
adductor pollicis
abductor pollicis brevis
opponens pollicis
flexor pollicis brevis
hypothenar intrinsic compartment of muscles of the hand
palmaris brevis
opponens digiti minimi
abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi
lumbricals muscles of hand
2 unipennate (1st and 2nd) 2 bipennate (3rd and 4th)
Flexion of MCP and extension of proximal interphalangeal
interossei muscles of hand
palmar
3 unipennate
digit adduction
dorsal
4 bipennate
digit abduction
help in flexion of MCP
flexors of the hip
anterior thigh muscles
sartorius, pectineus and iliopsoas muscles (psoas major, psoas minor and iliacus)
sartorius
o: anterior superior iliac spine
in: pes anserinus of tibia (medial surface of proximal part of tibia)
action: flexion of the hip, abduction of the hip, flexion of the knee, internal rotation of the leg when the knee is flexed
pectineus
o: superior ramus of pubis
in: pectineal line
flexion and adduction of the thigh
iliopsoas muscles
psoas major
o: T12-L5 and vertebral discs between them
in: lesser trochanter of femur
psoas minor:
o:T12-L1 and disc in between
in:iliopectineal eminence and pecten pubis
iliacus
o: iliac crest, iliac fossa
in: lesser trochanter and proximal shaft of femur
flexion of the thigh and ipsilateral flexion of the trunk
extensor of the knee, anterior thigh muscle
quadriceps femoris
quadriceps femoris
-rectus femoris
o: anterior inferior iliac spine
-vastus lateralis
o: greater trochanter
-vastus medialis
o: trochanteric line
-vastus intermedius
anterior and lateral femural shaft
insertion: anterior tibial tuberosity by patellar ligament/tendon
action: extension of the leg at the knee joint
rectus femoris helps the iliopsoas in the flexion of the thigh
medial thigh muscles (adductors)
adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor Magnus, gracilis and obturator externs
adductor brevis
o: inferior ramus of pubis, body of pubis
in: pectineal line and proximal linea aspera of femur
adduction of the hip, weak flexion of thigh
adductor longus
o: body of pubis inferior to pubic crest
in: middle third of linea aspera of femur
adduction of the hip and weak flexion of the thigh
adductor magnus
adductor part
o: inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium
in: gluteal tuberosity, pectineal line and medial supraepicondylar line of femur
hamstring part
o: ischial tuberosity
in: adductor tubercle of femur
adduction of the thigh
harmstring part helps in the extension of the leg
adductor part in the flexion of the leg
gracilis
o: body and inferior ramus of pubis
in: pes anserinus
adduction and flexion of the hip, flexes the leg and helps medial rotation of the leg
obturator externs
o: obturator foramen
in: trochanteric fossa
lateral rotation of the hip
gluteal muscles superficial layer
gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia lata
gluteus maximus
o: posterior to posterior gluteal line
in: iliotibial tract that inserts on the lateral condyle of the tibia
extension of the hip, assists in lateral rotation of the hip
gluteus medius
o: between posterior and anterior gluteal line
in: greater trochanter
abducts and extends the hip joint, stabilizes the pelvis when the ipsilateral limb is weight baring
gluteus minimus
o: between anterior and inferior gluteal line
in: greater trochanter of femur
extension of the hip, abduction of hip and stabilizes the pelvis when the ipsilateral limb is weight baring
tensor fascia lata
o: anterior superior iliac spine and anterior part of iliac crest
in: lateral condyle of tibia by ilotibial tract
abduction and medial rotation of the hip joint, stabilizes the pelvis when the ipsilateral limb is weight baring
deep layer of gluteal compartment
piriformis
superior gemelli
inferior gemelli
obturator internus
quadratus femoris
piriformis
o: lateral surface of sacrum
in: greater trochanter
lateral rotates the extended hip and abducts the flexed thigh
superior and inferior gemelli
superior
o: ischial spine
in: greater trochanter
inferior
o: ischial tuberosity
in:greater trochanter
lateral rotation of extended hip and abduction of the flexed thigh
obturator interns
o: obturator foramen
in: greater trochanter
action: lateral rotation of extended hip and abduction of flexed thigh
quadratus femoris
o: ischial tuberosity
in: intertrochanteric crest
lateral rotation of the hip
muscles of posterior thigh (hamstring muscles)
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
o: ischial tuberosity
in: pes anserinus
extensor of the hip, flexor of knee and medial rotation of the leg
semimembranosus
o: ischial tuberosity
in:posterior medial condyle of tibia
extension of hip, flexion of knee and medial rotation of the leg
biceps femoris
long head
o: ischial tuberosity
short head
o: linea aspera and lateral supraepicondylar line of femur
in: head of fibula with one single tendon
flexes the leg and rotates it laterally
the long head extends the thigh
gastrocnemius
o: posterior femoral condyles
in: calcaneous by Achille’s tendon
flexion of the knee joint during walking, antagonist of the quadriceps
plantarflexes the ankle when the knee is extended
popliteus
o:lateral femoral condyle
in: medial posterior proximal aspect of tibia
medial rotation and flexion of the knee
anterior compartment of the leg (extensor)
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
fibularis tertius
extensor hallucis longus
tibialis anterior
o: lateral tibial plateau
in: first metatarsal bone and medial cuneiform bone
dorsiflexion of ankle and inverts the foot
extensor digitorum longus
o:lateral condyle of tibia and superior medial surface of fibula
in: middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits
extensor of the digits, dorsiflexion of the ankle and pronation of the foot
extensor hallucis longus
o: middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
in: distal phalanx of great toe
dorsiflexes the ankle and extends great toe
fibularis tertius
inferior anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
in: base of 5th metatarsal
dorsiflexion of ankle and eversion of foot
lateral Everton compartment of the leg
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
fibularis longus
o: superior lateral surface of fibula and head of fibula
in: 1 metatarsal and medial cuneiform
evertor of foot and weakly plantarflexes the ankle
fibularis brevis
o:inferior lateral surface of fibula
in: 5th metatarsal
Evertor of foot and weakly plantarflexes the ankle
posterior superficial compartment of the leg
gastrocnemius
soleus
(gastrocnemius+ soleus=triceps surae)
plantaris
soleus
o: posterior head of fibula, posterior surface of fibula, soleal line, posterior surface of tibia
in: posterior surface of calcaneous by calcaneal tendon
plantarflexes the ankle independently from the position of the knee
plantaris
o: lateral supraepicondylar line of femur
in:posterior surface of calcaneous by calcaneal tendon
helps the gastrocnemius in the plantarflexion of the ankle
posterior deep compartment of the leg
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
popliteus
tibialis posterior
o: posterior surface of tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane
in: 2nd, 3rd, 4th metatarsal, navicular, cuneiform, calcaneous and cuboid
plantarflexion of ankle and inversion of the foot
flexor digitorum longus
o: posterior surface of tibia
in: distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits
flexion of 4 digits, plantarflexion of the ankle
supports the longitudinal arch of foot
flexor hallucis longus
o: posterior surface of fibula
in: distal phalanx of hallux
flexes the hallux and plantarflexes the ankle
dorsal intrinsic muscles of the foot
extensor digitorum brevis
->extends digits at proximal interphalangeal joint
extensor hallucis brevis
->extends hallux at metacarpophalangeal
interossei muscles
4 bipennate
digit abduction (except the one in between the hallux and the second digit which does adduction)
palmar intrinsic muscles of foot
abductor hallucis
flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
flexor digiti minimi
abductor digiti minimi
lumbricals
plantar interossei (3 unipennate, digit adduction)
extrinsic superficial muscles of the spine
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
rhomboids
intermediate extrinsic muscle of spine
serratus posterior
elevate second to 5th rib
assists rotation and extension of the trunk
superficial intrinsic muscle of the spine
splenius
-splenius cervicis
-splenius capitis
acting alone: lateral flexion and rotation of the neck to the side of active contraction
acting together: extension of head and neck
intermediate intrinsic muscle
erector spinae
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
when it acts unilaterally, lateral flexion of the vertebral column
when it acts bilaterally extension of the vertebral column and neck
deep intrinsic muscles of the spine
semispinalis
multifidus
rotatores brevis and longus
interspinales
intertransversarii
levatores costorum
semispinales
acting on one side: contralateral rotation of cervical and thoracic region of vertebral column
both sides: extension of thoracic and cervical region of vertebral column
multifidus
on one side: contralateral rotation of trunk
both sides: extension of trunk
rotatores brevis and longus
help in trunk rotatory movements
interspinales
helps in extension of the vertebral column
intertransversarii
helps in lateral flexion of trunk if acting on one side,
stabilize the column if acting bilaterally
levatores costorum
elevate ribs, assist respiration. assist with lateral flexion of vertebral column
