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1st year anatomy > muscles and nerves > Flashcards

muscles and nerves Flashcards

1
Q

muscle functions

A

movement (skeleton, intestines, heart and blood vessels) static support heat production

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2
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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3
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached to skeleton

locomotion

voluntary

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4
Q

cardiac muscle

A

heart

blood circulation

involuntary

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5
Q

smooth muscle

A

walls of vessels and organs

move substances and restrict flow

involuntary

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6
Q
A

skeletal muscle

long and slender fibres

multinucleate, peripherally located, long and elongated

many mitochondria

cross striations

arranged into fascicles

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7
Q
A

cardiac muscle

cross striated by involuntary

single rounded nu

branched cells

region where the ends of the cells are connected = intercalated disc

intercalated disc contains gap junctions - allow muscle cells to be electrically coupled to beat in synchrony

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8
Q
A

smooth muscle

devoid of cross striations

shorter fibre length

centrally situated, cigar shaped nu

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9
Q

how does bone attach to muscle

A

via a tendon

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10
Q

fasicle

A

one bundle of muscle fibres surrounded by a layer or connective tissue

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11
Q

tendons

A

dense connective tissues (collagen)

dont shorten

transfer the force to the bone to which it attaches

can alter force direction

some muscles share a common tendon, allowing them to work together

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12
Q

muscles passing over a joint will …

A

act on that joint

some pass over more than one joint

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13
Q

muscles with multiple function

A

e.g. deltoid

flexion, extension and abduction at the shoulder joint, different parts contract for different movement

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14
Q

muscles maintaining posture

A

oppose gravity

e.g. erector spinae

movement and static support function

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15
Q

muscles working as part of a system

A

e. g. elbow joint: triceps and biceps working in opposition
e. .g shoulder joint: stabilised by joint action of rotator cuff muscle, muscles work together fork the same action
e. g. hand: forearm muscles for powerful grip and intrinsic hand muscles for position

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16
Q

muscle compartments in the limbs

A

arm: flexor (anterior compartment) and extensor (posterior compartment)
forearm: flexor - pronator compartment and extensor - supinator compartment

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17
Q

nerve supply of muscles

A

muscles of the same compartment are usuall supplied by the same nerve

e.g. radial nerve supplies all extensors in the upper limb

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18
Q

structural divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

PNS (12 cranial and 31 spinal nerves)

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19
Q

functional divisions of the nervous system

A

somatic

autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

enteric

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20
Q

functional types of nerve fibres

A

sensory - afferent neurons

motor - efferent neurons (cause an effect)

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21
Q

dorsal root contains

A

sensory fibres only

(posterior)

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22
Q

ventral root contains

A

motor fibres only

(anterior)

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23
Q

rami contain

A

both sensory and motor fibres

dorsal rami = mixed to erector spinae

ventral rami = mixed to all other motor regions

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24
Q

somatic pathway

A

sensory nerves detect stimulus, travel towards spinal cord via sensory fibres in the dorsal root, motor fibres exit from the ventral root, muscles contract

MOTOR FIBRES DON’T SYNAPSE

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25
Q

Autonomic pathways

A

motor fibres synapse in the sympathetic ganglion

26
Q

sympathetic trunk

A

formed by the sympathetic ganglia

this is where most sympathetic motor fibres synapse (except fibres to the abdominopelvic viscera)

paravertebral

27
Q

differences between symapthetic and parasympathetic

A

location of outflow from CNS: S - thoracolumbar, PS - craniosacral

location of ganglia: S - sympathetic trunk and additional for abdominopelvic region, PS - sit close to target organ

transmitters and receptors used

28
Q

what is a motor unit

A

one motor neurone supplying a varying number of muscle fibres

this leads to variation in the amount of control over the different muscle types, one nerve –> fewer fibres –> higher levels of control

29
Q

myotome

A

area of mscle supplied by one spinal nerve

30
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin supplied by one spinal nerve

31
Q

what is the difference between dermatomes and cutaneous nerve maps

A

dermatome map = shows the areas supplied by a single spinal nerve

cutaneous nerve map = show the areas of skin supplied by a single cutaneous nerve, cutaneous nerves get fibres from multiple different spinal nerves

32
Q

what is a nerve

A

combination of fibres from different spinal nerves

33
Q

what are the different types of spinal nerves

A

8 cervical (C1-8)

12 thoracic (T1-12)

5 lumbar (L1-5)

5 sacral (S1-5)

1 coccygeal (Co1)

34
Q

how are there 8 cervical nerves but only 7 cervical vertebrae

A

the C1 nerve exits between the skull and the atlas

C8 exits between C7 and T1

35
Q

what is the difference between a root and a ramus

A

rootlets extend out of the spinal cord medially and combine to form roots

roots combine to form the spinal nerve and then split apart to form rami

36
Q

what do the dorsal rami innervate

A

deep muscles of the back for motor control

also a horizontal strip of skin for sensory input

37
Q

what do the ventral rami innervate

A

in the thoracic region they are known as the intercostal nerves

run deep to the ribs and innervate intercostal muscles

provide sensory input for the overlying horizontal strips of skin as well as the abdominal wall muscles (motor) and skin (sensory)

38
Q

nerve plexuses

A

network of nerves that mostly serve the limbs

they are a network of nerves that come together and then redistribute themselves with a different distribution of nerves into the limbs

made from the rest of the ventral ramus

each end of the plexus contains fibres from several spinal nerves

fibres from each ventral ramus travel along different routes so limb muscle recieves innervation from more than one spinal nerve

39
Q

what are the 4 nerve plexuses

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral

40
Q

cervical plexus

A

located underneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle (C1-C4)

Most branches innervate the skin of neck and deep neck muscles

phrenic nerve (C3,4,5) innervates the top of the diaphragm

if phrenic nerves are cut of the spinal cord is severed above C3, breathing stops

41
Q

axial muscles

A

any muscle attaching to the trunk only

42
Q

appendicular muscle

A

muscles attaching to the appendicular skeleton (limbs)

can be attached distally or proximally

43
Q

studying muscles in compartments

A
  1. attachements (bone)
  2. actions (e.g. flexion/extension)
  3. innervation (anatomical and clinical persepective)
44
Q

attachments

A

origin: superior, proximal or medial attachment
insertion: inferior, distal or lateral attachment
e. g. brachioradialis

origin = humerus

insertion = radius

action = elbow flexion

45
Q

trapezius

A

origin: superior nuchal line, occipital bone, the ligamentum nuchae, and the spinous processes, supraspinous ligament (C7-T12)
insertion: scapula, acromion, clavicle

46
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

origin: spinous processes and supraspinous ligament (T6-L5), thoracolumbar fascia, sacral and iliac crest, ribs
insertion: humerus
action: adduction, internal rotation, extension of humerus

47
Q

flexion

A

to bend a joint by pulling the bones closer together

e.g. bending the arm up

48
Q

extension

A

to unbend or lengthen a joint by pulling bones further apart

e.g. lengthen the arm out straight

49
Q

5 rules of skeletal muscle activity

A
  1. all skeletal muscles cross at least one joint
  2. the bulk of a skeletal muscle lies proximal to the joint crosses
  3. all skeletal muscles have at least 2 attachments (origin and insertion)
  4. skeletal muscles can only pull, they never push
  5. during contractino, a skeletal muscle insertion moves toward the origin
50
Q

innervation of appendicular muscles

A

supplied by nerve plexuses

  • nerves containing mixed fibres from more than one spinal nerve
51
Q

innervation of axial muscles

A

supplied segmentally

  • by separate nerves that haven’t mixed with others
52
Q

Hilton’s law

A

the nerve supplying the muscles extending directily across and acting at a given joint also innervate the joint and the overlying skin

53
Q

segmental innervation of the trunk

A

individual nerves supply each trunk segment separately

cutaneous nerves here supply the skin individually

54
Q

muscle (fascial compartments)

A

appendicular muscles are arranged in compartments and are formed by tough connective tissue septa)

muscles in a compartment:

  1. perform similar functions
  2. attach across the same joints
  3. perform similar actions
  4. are supplied by the same nerve
55
Q

compartment syndrome

A

acute medical problem following injury or surgery

increased pressure in a compartment

56
Q

ligament

A

attaches bone to bone, strengthens the joint

57
Q

grey matter

white matter

A

grey = cell bodies

white = axons

58
Q

trunk dermatomes

A

T2 = sternomanubrial joint (T4 vertebrae)

T4 = nipples

T10 = umbilicus

L1 = groin

59
Q

what is the advantage of having nerve plexuses

A

control of skeletal muscle is shared by different axons that originate in adjacent levels of the spinal cord

damage to a single level of the spinal cord is less likely to result in paralysis of a muscle innervated by nerves from that plexus

60
Q
A

densley stained nu

dendrites coming in

axons leaving

very granular

1st year anatomy (8 decks)

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