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1st year anatomy > joints > Flashcards

joints Flashcards

1
Q

what is a joint

A

union between 2 or more rigid components (bone or cartilage)

also known as articulation

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2
Q

why do we need joints

A

movement and growth

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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4
Q

fibrous joints

A

dense fibrous connective tissue - collagen fibres hold the bones together
high tensile strength
little movement in adults

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5
Q

examples of fibrous joints

A

periodontal ligament
cranial sutures
interosseous membranes

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6
Q

types of cartilaginous joints

A

1y: synchondroses
2y: symphyses

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7
Q

1y cartilaginous joints

A

allow for bone growth
disappear in adults
no movement - movement can lead to growth plate fractures
made from hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

2y cartilaginous joints

A

don’t ossify with age
found in midline of the body
limited movement
hyaline + fibrocartilage

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9
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

pearly, translucent, fairly elastic and may ossify with age

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10
Q

fibrocartilage

A

fibrous and more resistant than hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

synovial joints

A

greatest movement

may also contain articular discs, ligaments and bursae

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12
Q

synovial membrane

A

produces synovial fluid which lubricates the joint

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13
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

articular discs

A

firther from the centre of the body

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15
Q

ligaments in synovial joints

A

in and around the joint

can be part of the capsule or outside it

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16
Q

6 types of synovial joints

A 
hinge 
saddle 
plane 
pivot 
condylar (ellipsoid)
ball and socket
17
Q

movement at pivot joint

A

rotational e.g. top of the spine

18
Q

movement at plane joint

A

sliding and gliding

19
Q

8 joint movements

A 
flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
lateral/medial rotation
circumduction
supi-/pronation
inversion/eversion
dorsi-/plantarflexion
true flexion/extension
20
Q

flexion

A

two ventral surfaces closer to each other (vice versa for extension)

21
Q

abduction

A

moving a limb away from the midline

22
Q

adduction

A

moving a limb towards the body

23
Q

lateral rotation

A

outwards (bending arm at elbow to 90 degrees then moving forearm away from body)

24
Q

medial rotation

A

towards the midline

25
Q

circumduction

A

drawing a circle in the air with whole arm/leg

combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

26
Q

supination

A

palm facing upwards

27
Q

pronation

A

palm facing down

28
Q

inversion

A

moving just the foot towards the midline

29
Q

eversion

A

moving just the foot away from the midline

30
Q

dorsiflexion

A

raising the foot upwards towards the shin

flexion

31
Q

plantarflexion

A

moving the food back away from the shin

32
Q

joint stability

A
  • The more degrees of freedom, the less stable the joint/higher risk if dislocation
  • Shape of articulating surfaces (e.g. shoulder vs hip, hip is very deep socket and much more stable than the shoulder joint which is easier to dislocate)
  • Fibrous capsule and ligaments (surround the joint, hold everything in place)
    Muscles (strong, support the joint), special group of muscles in the shoulder joint which act to support the joint and stabilise it
33
Q

blood supply to the joints

A

rich blood supply
anastomoses (communication between 2 blood vessels w/o an intervening capillary network) - lots of blood vessel branches that reconnect, allows blood an alternative path e.g. during extreme flexion and extension

34
Q

nerve supply to the joints

A

rich nerve supply
- Proprioception (specialised sensory nerve endings that monitor internal changes in the body brought about by movement and muscular activity) - allows sense of the relative position of different parts of the body
○ Proprioceptors not just in muscle spindles but also in joint capsules
Hilton’s law: the nerve supplying a muscle that crosses a certain joint, also innervates this joint

35
Q

trauma to the joint

A

(fracture at the joint of the bone, dislocation), close to the joint there is only a thin layer or compact bone (mainly spongy bone)

36
Q

arthritis

A

(osteo- and rheumatoid) - osteo is the degenerative joint disease, not as simple as wear and tear. Rheumatoid is an autoimmune disease and can also affect other parts of the body.

37
Q

craniosynostosis

A

(abnormal skill growth due to premature fusion of cranial structures)
Sutures in the skull close too early, causes problems in childhood as the brain is still growing and the skull is no longer flexible, leads to deformed skull and can lead to impairments (e.g. can compress nerves)

1st year anatomy (8 decks)

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